hormones & homeostasis Flashcards
1
Q
hormone def: _____________ substance produced in ___________ amts by ________, carried by ________, that _______ the activity of 1/more specific target organs and is eventually ________ down by ________
A
chemical, minute, glands, blood, alters, broken, liver
2
Q
hormones made of either _________ or __________ (________)
A
protein, steroid (lipid)
3
Q
some hormones are also involved in
A
homeostasis
4
Q
exocrine glands: glands with ______ that produce a secretion that‘s carried by the ______ eg salivary gland
A
duct, duct
5
Q
endocrine gland: __________ glands that produce __________ & secrete them __________ into _____________
A
ductless, hormones, directly, bloodstream
6
Q
some glands produce only hormones –> purely ___________ glands
A
endocrine
7
Q
pancreas produce hormones (_________ & ___________) as well pancreatic juice –> both an __________ & __________ gland
A
insulin, glucagon, endocrine, exocrine
8
Q
pancreas has grp of cells called ___________________________ that secrete hormones (_________ & ____________) involved in __________ regulation directly into blood
A
Islets of Langerhans, insulin, glucagon, glucose
9
Q
Pancreas has other cells that produce bicarbonate and ___________ ___________ that r secreted into the _____________ (start of S intestine) thru _____________ __________
A
digestive enzymes, duodenum, pancreatic duct
10
Q
hypothalamus (in brain) produces ______
pituitary gland (located at base of brain below hypothalamus) ______ & releases _____
A
ADH
stores, ADH
11
Q
ADH stands for
A
anti-diuretic hormone
12
Q
target organ of ADH
A
walls of collecting duct (of kidney nephron)
12
Q
ADH function:
A
osmoregulation (water balance stuff)
13
Q
islets of langerhans in
A
pancreas
14
Q
islets of langerhans secrete
A
insulin & glucagon
15
Q
insulin and glucagon function:
A
blood glucose regulation
16
Q
target organs for insulin
A
liver & muscle cells
17
Q
target organs for glucagon:
A
liver cells only
18
Q
adrenaline is a
A
hormone
19
Q
testosterone, oestrogen & progesterone r all
A
hormones
20
Q
homeostasis is a _____ - regulated _____________ ________________
A
self, corrective mechanism
21
Q
homeostasis def:
A
maintenance of a constant internal env
22
Q
cells function well only within ________ ______ of conditions –> large changes can result in cells ____ functioning __________/ _______
eg enzymes func within ________ _______ of pH & temp
A
narrow range, not, efficiently, dying
narrow range
23
Q
homeostasis ensures _______ __________ env in organism with __________ unavoidable disturbances
A
stable internal, minimal
24
homeostasis allows organism to func
1. ______ ____________ as cells r maintained in an ___________ env with ___________ conditions
2. with degree of ______________ from ___________ env as organism ____ adversely affected by changes in ___________ env
- more efficiently, internal, optimal
- independence, external, not, external
25
egs of homeostasis:
- regulation of blood glucose conc
- regulation of temp
- regulation of blood plasma water potential
26
internal env has 2 levels:
cellular & tissue level
27
cell composed of __________, whose constituents r controlled by _______ ____________ & __________ activity
cytoplasm, cell membrane, enzyme
28
cell membrane is __________ ___________ & permits only certain molecules & ions to _______/_______ & _______ at which molecules r exchanged r controlled by __________ & __________ gradients & _______ ___________ _____________
partially permeable, enter/leave, rate, diffusion, osmotic, active transport mechanisms
29
enzyme activity controlled by ______ of ________ ____________
rate, protein synthesis
30
in mammals, ________ fluid is the ____________ env surrounding cells of multicellular organisms
tissue, immediate
31
tissue fluids _____ in space _________ cells & is formed when ________ blood press at _________ ends of capillaries forces blood ________ out of capillaries
fill, between, higher, arterial, plasma
32
tissue fluid is blood plasma minus
proteins
33
tissue fluids provide cells with the _________ in which they live
medium
34
features of internal env to be kept constant:
(there r 6)
- temp
- pH
- conc of ions (affect water potential)
- conc of toxic substances (eg nitrogenous waste products)
- conc of essential molecules (eg glucose)
- conc of respiratory gases (eg oxygen duh)
35
__________ _______ represents optimal level in homeostatic control system
reference point
36
homeostatic control system components:
(theres 3)
1. receptor
2. control centre
3. effector
37
receptor detects ___________ (any change/ deviation) from __________ _______ & relays this info to _________ ________
stimulus, reference point, control centre
38
info is __________ with reference point at control centre & if there's ___________, control centre sends an appropriate _______ to ___________
compared, deviation, signal, effector
39
effector _______ _____ appropriate __________ based on _______ received from ________ _______
carries out, response, signal, control centre
40
the response from effector ____________ initial _______/_________ which results in an ________ (new __________) picked up by ____________, and this info is relayed to _________ ________ & returns system to ________, ___________ conditions after comparison against __________ _______
counteracts, change/deviation, effect, stimulus, receptor, control centre, normal, optimal, reference pt
41
entire process (receptor --> control centre --> effector--> receptor --> control centre) is termed as
negative feedback
42
positive feedback seeks to intensify response till endpoint reached, eg blood clotting, ___________
childbirth
43
homeostasis can be achieved thru
negative feedback
44
negative feedback: mechanism that ___________ changes in the ___________ env & __________ it to ____________ _________
counteract, internal, restores, ref pt
45
imptance of regulating blood glucose level:
- glucose is the ideal ___________ for cellular respiration & preferred fuel molecule for ________ & _________ muscles
- glucose is the only ___________ _______ molecule used by ________ --> drastic decrease can cause fainting, convulsions, coma & death
- substrate, cardiac, skeletal
- metabolic fuel, brain
46
blood glucose level regulated by 2 hormones secreted from the
islets of langerhans in the pancreas
47
glucagon secreted from _________ cells & helps ___________ blood glucose conc
alpha (α), increase
48
insulin secreted from _________ cells & helps __________ blood glucose conc
beta (β), decrease
49
normal level of blood glucose abt ___mg/100 ml of blood
90 (between 70-150 mg can alr)
50
glucagon & insulin operate _____________: they oppose actions of the other
antagonistically
51
glucagon stimulates ____________ of __________ to _________ while insulin promotes conversion of _________ __________ to ____________
breakdown, glycogen, glucose, excess glucose, glycogen
52
response to RISE in blood glucose levels
1. stimulus: blood glucose lvls __________ _______ ref pt
2. receptor: rise detected by _____________________ in _________
3. signal: triggers ___________ of __________
4. control centre: by ________ of the ___________________ of the __________
5. effectors: __________ will be transported by _______ to the ______ & _________
6. these actions _____________ blood glucose conc till it _________ to _____ ____ (___________ _________)
7. _________ to ____ ___ detected by _______ of the ______________________, which _____________ secretion of insulin --> _____________ insulin broken down in ______ & excreted by __________
- increase above
- islets of langerhans, pancreas
- secretion, insulin
- β-cells, islets of langerhans, pancreas
- insulin, blood, liver, muscles
- decrease, returns, ref pt, negative feedback
- return, ref pt, β-cells, islets of langerhans, decreases, circulating, liver, kidneys
53
insulin secreted in blood causes
1. ____________ _______________ of cell membranes to glucose --> _____________ rate of uptake of glucose from blood to cells
2. ___________ rate of ________ ____________ (rate of ___________ of glucose in cells)
3. ___________ liver & muscle cells to _________ ________ glucose to ____________ for __________ (process: ______________)
4. _____________ break down of ______________ to glucose
- increased permeability, increased
- increased, cellular respiration, oxidation
- stimulates, convert excess, glycogen, storage, glycogenesis
- decreased, glycogen
54
response to FALL in blood glucose levels
1. stimulus: blood glucose lvls __________ ______ ref pt
2. receptor: fall detected by _________________________ in __________
3. signal: triggers secretion of ____________
4. control centre: by _______ in ____________________ of the pancreas
5. effector: ___________ will be transported by ________ to _______
6. glucose released into bloodstream, _____________ blood glucose conc till it _________ to ____ ____ (____________ __________)
7. __________ to ____ ____ detected by ________ of ______________________, which _____________ secretion of glucagon --> _______________ glucagon broken down in ________ & excreted by __________
- decreases below
- islets of langerhans, pancreas
- glucagon
- α-cells, islets of langerhans
- glucagon, blood, liver
- increasing, returns, ref pt, negative, feedback
- return, ref pt, α-cells, islets of langerhans, decreases, circulating, liver, kidneys
55
glucagon
- ___________ conversion of ________ ____________ back to _________ in _______
- converts ____________________ sources eg pyruvate, amino acids & glycerol to __________ in ________ (known as _______________)
- stimulates, stored glycogen, glucose, liver
- non-carbohydrate, glucose, liver, gluconeogenesis
56
if there isnt enuf insulin, the person will suffer from
diabetes mellitus
57
type 1 diabetes:
pancreas fails to produce enuf insulin
58
type 2 diabetes:
person's body cells no longer respond to insulin produced by pancreas
59
signs & symptoms of diabetes:
- ____________ in blood glucose
- glucose found in ________
- excessive ________ & ___________
- ___________
- loss of ________
- increase
- urine
- thirst, urination
- tiredness
- weight
60
treatment for diabetes mellitus
(theres 3)
- injection of insulin (for type 1 only)
- controlled diet & exercise
- taking medicine (to increase body's sensitivity to insulin)
61
mammalian skin:
- forms ____________ covering over body surface
- acts as an ____________ organ as well as a regulator of ______ _______
- protective
- excretory, body temp
62
imptance of temp regulation
- changes in body temp may result in enzyme _____________/ _____________
inactivation/ denaturation
63
body remains in constant internal temp by:
regulating heat gain & loss
64
heat is gained thru
external env & metabolic activities
65
heat lost thru
- radiation, convection & conduction of heat from skin
- evaporation of sweat
- exhalation
- defecation & urination
66
RISE in bodily temp due to...
1. increase in temp in external env: on warm day, rate of heat loss form body ________ / heat is ___________ from warmer env --> _________________ in skin detect rise in ext. temp & _______ _________ sent to _________________
2. increase in temp in internal env:
perform ____________ muscular activities, ________ _______ of heat produced / when u consume _____ drinks/food --> rise in _______ temp directly detected by ____________________ in ______________ when warmer ________ flows thru
- reduced, absorbed, thermoreceptors, nerve impulses, hypothalamus
- vigorous, great deal, hot, blood, thermoreceptors, hypothalamus, blood
67
response to RISE in body temp: _________________ send out ________ ____________ to relevant body parts where ____________ processes occur to ___________ temp back to __________
hypothalamus, nerve impulses, corrective, restore, normal
68
homeostasis of temp controlled by _______ _________, not ____________
nerve impulses, hormones
69
response to RISE in temp
____________ in skin _________ (_____________) while _______ __________ ____________ to allow _______ blood to flow thru blood _____________ under skin surface --> _______ heat ______ thru skin by _____________, ______________& _______________
arterioles, dilate, vasodilation, shunt vessels constrict, more, capillaries, more lost, radiation, convection & conduction
70
response to RISE in temp
_______ _______ more active --> ____________ production of _______ --> as _______ _______ _____________ from surface of skin, ______ ________ _______ of _____________ is __________ from body
sweat glands, increased, sweat, more sweat evaporates, more latent heat, vaporisation, removed
71
response to RISE in temp
____________ rate ______ _______ --> ______ heat ____________ within body
metabolic, slows down, less, produced
72
response to RISE in temp
aft blood temp decreases till it _________ to ____ ____ & is _____________ by ___________________, removing the ____________ --> ______ homeostatic action
returns, ref pt, detected, thermoreceptors, stimulus, stops
73
on cold day, rate of heat loss is ____________ especially at skin surface
inreased
74
drop in ext temp is detected by ________ _____________ in skin which sends ________ __________ to _________
temp receptors, nerve impulses, brain
75
response to FALL in temp
in brain, ________________ sends _______ __________, causing ____________ in skin to __________ (_________________) & _______ __________ _________ to allow _______ blood to flow thru blood _____________ under skin surface --> ______ heat ______ thru skin by ____________, ________________ & ______________
hypothalamus, nerve impulses, arterioles, constrict, vasoconstriction, less, capillaries, less, lost, radiation, convection & conduction
76
response to FALL in temp
_______ ________ become _______ active --> ____________ production of ________ --> ______ _________ ______ of vaporisation is ______ from body
sweat glands, less, decreased, sweat, less latent heat, lost
77
response to FALL in temp
___________ rate of body _____________ --> ______ heat _____________ within body
metabolic, increases, more, produced
78
response to FALL in temp
sometimes 'shivering', a ________ occurs. the ___________ ______________ of muscles ____________ heat production
reflex, spasmodic contraction, increases
79
response to FALL in temp
blood temp's _________ to _____ ___ gets detected by ________________ & the ____________ of ____________ will ______ homeostatic action
return, ref pt, thermoreceptors, removal, stimulus, stop
80
water potential of blood depends on ______ of water & _______ in the _________
amt, salts, plasma
81
________________ r special receptor cells in ________________ of _______
osmoreceptors, hypothalamus, brain
82
osmoreceptors r ___________ to changes in _________________ of blood
sensitive, water potential
83
the amt of water in ______ ________ controlled by ______________________
blood plasma, anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
84
ADH is produced by ______________ in brain & is released by _____________ ________, causing an ___________ in water _____________ at ________ _________
hypothalamus, pituitary gland, increase, reabsorption, kidney tubules
85
imptance of blood plasma regulation
- if blood plasma too dilute, water molecules will ______ cells by ____________ --> cells will _______ & _________
- if blood plasma too concentrated, water molecules will _______ cells by __________ --> cells become ______________ & _________ --> _______ carry out _________________________
- enter, osmosis, swell, burst
- leave, osmosis, dehydrated, shrink, can't, metabolic functions
86
composition of tissue fluid kept within ____ ________ limits to ensure that tissue fluid kept at __________ _______ __________
very narrow, constant water potential
87
response to RISE in blood plasma water potential
1. water potential ___________ ________ ref pt --> ______________ in ________________ detect change & _____________ the ___________ _________
2. __________ ________ releases ______ _____ into bloodstream, causing _______ of _______ _______________ __________ & _____________ ________ to be ______ permeable to water
3. _________ __________ ____________ ______ water back into blood capillaries
4. _______ urine produced, urine also more ________
5. water potential of blood plasma ____________ till ____ ____ & ________ to ____ ____ detected by __________________ -->secretion of _____ returns to norm
- increases above, osmoreceptors, hypothalamus, stimulates, release, pituitary gland
- pituitary gland, ADH, walls, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, less
- kidney tubules reabsorb less
- more, diluted
- decreases, ref pt, return, ref pt, osmoreceptors, ADH
88
response to FALL in blood plasma water potential
1. water potential __________ _______ ref pt--> _______________ in _______________ detect change & _____________ the ___________ _______
2. __________ _______ releases _______ _____ into bloodstream --> ______ of ________ ______________ __________ & _____________ _______ r _______ permeable to water
3. ________ __________ ___________ ________ water back to blood capillaries
4. _____ urine produced, urine also more ______________
5. water potential of blood plasma ___________ till ____ ____ & _________ to ____ ___ detected by ___________________ --> increased secretion of _____ _______
- decreases below, osmoreceptors, hypothalamus, stimulates, pituitary gland
- pituitary gland, more ADH, walls, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, more
- kidney tubules reabsorb more
- less, concentrated
- increases, ref pt, return, ref pt, osmoreceptors, ADH stops
