excretion

Question 1

excretion definition: process by which _____________ ________ _____________ & _______ _______________ are ____________ from the ______ of an organism

Answer 1

metabolic waste products, toxic substances, removed, body

Question 2

metabolism is sum of ____ __________ reactions occurring in cells of an organism

Answer 2

all chemical

Question 3

metabolism= ____________+______________

Answer 3

anabolism + catabolism

Question 4

anabolism: metabolic reactions where ________ molecules are ______ up into ________ molecules with a ____ ________ of _________ eg __________________

Answer 4

simple, built, complex, net intake, energy, photosynthesis

Question 5

catabolism: metabolic reactions where ________ molecules are ________ down to ________ molecules with a ____ __________ of _________ eg __________

Answer 5

complex, broken, simpler, net release, energy, hydrolysis

Question 6

metabolic waste products: _____________ products from metabolic reactions eg ___________________

Answer 6

unwanted, carbon dioxide

Question 7

egestion: removal of waste substances, mainly ______________ ________ from _____________ _______ (those have never been absorbed into cells & hence they’re not produced as ________ of metabolic reactions within cells)

Answer 7

undigested matter, alimentary canal, result

Question 8

excretion is also the removal of waste substances but these waste substances are produced by _____________ ___________ that occur ________ cells

Answer 8

metabolic reactions, within

Question 9

unicellular organisms excrete their metabolic waste products into the ________________ _________ by ___________

Answer 9

surrounding water, diffusion

Question 10

multicellular organisms need ___________ _____________ ________ to remove the metabolic waste products

Answer 10

special excretory organs

Question 11

excretory products: carbon dioxide
source:
excretory organ:
excreted as:

Answer 11

tissue respiration
lungs
gas in exhaled air

Question 12

excretory products: nitrogenous waste
source:
excretory organ:
excreted as:

Answer 12

• deamination of excess amino acids
• kidneys & skin
• components of urine

Question 13

excretory products: excess mineral salts
source:
excretory organ:
excreted as:

Answer 13

• diet, neutralisation reactions
• kidneys & skin
• components of sweat

Question 14

excretory products: bile pigments
source:
excretory organ:
excreted as:

Answer 14

• breakdown of haemoglobin
• liver
• components of faeces

Question 15

excretory products: excess water
source:
excretory organ:
excreted as:

Answer 15

• respiration, other chemical reactions in body
• kidneys, skin & lungs
• main component in urine, sweat & water vapour in exhaled air

Question 16

kidneys mainly remove _____________ _________ ____________ eg ______ & __________ ________ & _____________ ______ in the form of ________

Answer 16

nitrogenous waste products, urea, excess water, mineral salts, urine

Question 17

kidneys regulate _____ & ______ balance of ________________

Answer 17

salt, water, blood plasma

Question 18

kidneys maintain ____ & ______________ of __________________

Answer 18

pH, composition, blood plasma

Question 19

kidneys located near _________ part of body

Answer 19

dorsal

Question 20

urinary system: consists of a ______ of __________, ______ of ________, ____________________ & __________

Answer 20

pair, kidneys, pair, urethers, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 21

URINARY SYSTEM
hilum: depression where ________ ________, ______ _____ & _______r connected to _________

Answer 21

renal artery, renal vein, nerves, kidney

Question 22

URINARY SYSTEM
kidney: _____-shaped organ, remove ______ & _____ ________ from _______ (as ________) & keeps __________ concs balanced in blood

Answer 22

bean, urea, extra water, blood, urine, chemical

Question 23

URINARY SYSTEM
ureter: ________ ______ that emerges from ______, brings ________ from each _________ to _________ _________

Answer 23

narrow tube, hilum, urine, kidney, urinary bladder

Question 24

URINARY SYSTEM
urinary bladder: ________, __________ _____ in _______ of ________ that stores _________

Answer 24

elastic, muscular bag, front, rectum, urine

Question 25

URINARY SYSTEM sphincter muscle: found at ________ of _________ & controls _______ ______ into ________ & out of body

Answer 25

bottom, bladder, urine flow, urethra

Question 26

URINARY SYSTEM urethra: ______ thru which ________ passes from __________ __________ to outside of body

Answer 26

duct, urine, urinary bladder

Question 27

renal arteries: bring _______________ blood containing _____ & _________ ________ from _______ to __________

Answer 27

oxygenated, urea, excess water, heart, kidney

Question 28

renal veins: being ________________ blood (from which _____ & __________ ________ have been ___________) away from __________ to ________

Answer 28

deoxygenated, urea, excess water, removed, kidney, heart

Question 29

internal structure of kidney cortex: _______ _______ red region, enclosed by fibrous _________

Answer 29

outer darker, capsule

Question 30

internal structure of kidney medulla: ______, _________, ______ red region & contains ____-____ _________ structures called ___________ (which project into a funnel-like space called the ________ _______)

Answer 30

inner, thicker, paler, 12-16, conical, pyramids, renal pelvis

Question 31

renal pelvis is the __________ part of ________ inside kidney

Answer 31

enlarged, ureter

Question 32

nephrons are _______ ______________ units of the kidney

Answer 32

basic functional

Question 33

nephrons are _____ ________ where _______ is _______

Answer 33

tiny tubules, urine, formed

Question 34

each kidney has abt _______ nephrons

Answer 34

1 mil

Question 35

each nephron has 4 main parts:

Answer 35

- bowman's capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule

Question 36

afferent arteriole is

Answer 36

wide

Question 37

efferent arteriole is

Answer 37

narrow

Question 38

1. blood enters kidney via ______ _________ 2. branch of _______ _________ splits into many ____________ 3. ____________ further divides into ___________ of capillaries (_______________) 4. blood leaves _______________ & enters network of capillaries surrounding rest of nephron 5. blood flows into __________ from capillaries 6. blood flows into _______ _______ 7. blood leaves kidney via _______ ______

Answer 38

- renal artery - renal artery, arterioles - arterioles, network, glomerulus - glomerulus - venules - renal vein - renal vein

Question 39

urine is formed thru processes of ________________, ______________ __________________

Answer 39

ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption

Question 40

ultrafiltration: occurs in

Answer 40

glomerulus

Question 41

ultrafiltration is a ________________ filtration that _____________ ________ _______________ from blood. most of blood plasma (except ________ ____________) is _________ out of the ________________ blood capillaries into the _____________ ___________ to form the ______________ _____________

Answer 41

mechanical, removes small molecules, large molecules, forced, glomerular, Bowman's capsule, glomerular filtrate

Question 42

for ultrafiltration to occur, there must be high hydrostatic blood pressure (______ _______ of ultrafiltration) in the ______________ difference in ____________ between ___________ & ___________ arterioles creates the high hydrostatic pressure in the _______________ (___________ arteriole is wider than ____________ arteriole)

Answer 42

main force, glomerulus diameter, afferent, efferent, glomerulus, afferent, efferent

Question 43

for ultrafiltration to occur, there must be a ___________ _____________ ____________ the ____________ membrane that _______ the glomerular blood capillaries has very _______ ________ to allow only ________ & very _______ molecules to pass through

Answer 43

partially permeable membrane basement, wraps, small pores, water, small

Question 44

short, wide ___________ arteriole = _____- resistance input pathway narrow ___________ arteriole = _____-resistance outflow pathway

Answer 44

afferent, low efferent, high

Question 45

during ultrafiltration, ________, ___________ ______, __________, _______ ______, ________________ _________ ______________ (eg urea) are filtered off, while _______ ______, _____________ & ______ __________ like ___________ & ______ r not filtered off

Answer 45

water, mineral salts, glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous waste products blood cells, platelets, large molecules, proteins, fats

Question 46

selective reabsorption: ________ substances r selectively reabsorbed from ___________ formed by _________________

Answer 46

useful, filtrate, ultrafiltration

Question 47

selective reabsorption occurs thru ______ of ________ (_____________ _______________ _________, ______ ___ ________, _________ _____________ _________ & _____________ _______) into surrounding _________ ______________

Answer 47

walls, tubule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, blood capillaries

Question 48

proximal convoluted tubule involves ________ ____________ & ____________ and reabsorbs ____ ___________ & ________ _______ & ______ _________ ______ (eg sodium ions)

Answer 48

active transport, diffusion, all, glucose, amino acids, most mineral salts

Question 49

proximal convoluted tubule involves ____________ which reabsorbs ______ of the _________

Answer 49

osmosis, most, water

Question 50

loop of Henle involves ___________ and reabsorbs ______ ________

Answer 50

osmosis, some water

Question 51

distal convoluted tubule involves __________ _____________ & ____________ and reabsorbs _______ ____________ ________

Answer 51

active transport, diffusion, some mineral salts

Question 52

collecting duct involves ___________ and reabsorbs ________ _________

Answer 52

osmosis, some water

Question 53

_________ water, mineral salts & nitrogenous waste products such as _______, ______ ______ & creatinine pass out of ____________ ______ into the ________ _________ (enlarged part of ureter inside kidney) as a ___________ called _________

Answer 53

excess, urea, uric acid, collecting duct, renal pelvis, mixture, urine

Question 54

common causes of kidney failure:

Answer 54

high blood pressure, diabetes, alcohol abuse, damage to kidney, complications in surgery

Question 55

person can survive with ___ healthy kidney

Answer 55

1

Question 56

treatment of kidney failure:

Answer 56

kidney transplant, haemodialysis & peritoneal dialysis

Question 57

kidney transplant need

Answer 57

suitable kidney donor

Question 58

haemodialysis & peritoneal dialysis needs

Answer 58

special devices that simulate excretory mechanism of kidneys

Question 59

during haemodialysis, 1. blood is channelled from a _______ in patient's arm to _____________ of a dialysis machine 2. blood flows into _________ (which is bathed in specifically controlled dialysis ______) of dialyser. the walls of _______ is __________ _____________ 3. ______ ____________ eg ______ & other metabolic waste products ________ out of __________ into __________ _______ while blood cells, ___________ & _______ ____________ remain 4. __________ blood __________ to vein in patient's arm

Answer 59

vein, dialyser tubing, fluid, tubing, partially permeable small molecules, urea, diffuse, tubing, dialysis fluid, platelets, large molecules filtered, returns

Question 60

feature of dialysis machine: tubing in dialyser long, narrow & coiled advantage:

Answer 60

increase SA to vol ratio --> speeds up exchange of substances between blood & dialysis fluid

Question 61

feature of dialysis machine: dialysis fluid contains no metabolic waste products advantage:

Answer 61

steep conc gradient --> nitrogenous waste products & excess water & mineral salts diffuse out of tubing into dialysis fluid --> maintains correct solute composition & water potential of blood

Question 62

feature of dialysis machine: dialysis fluid has same conc of essential nutrients (eg glucose, amino acids) as that of healthy blood

Answer 62

so substances don't diffuse outta blood into dialysis fluid also if blood lacks any of these essential nutrients, it will diffuse from dialysis fluid into blood

Question 63

feature of dialysis machine: direction of blood flow in tubing opp to flow of dialysis fluid

Answer 63

maintains constant conc gradient between blood & dialysis fluid