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Bio Unit 1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Coordinate the actions of your body
  2. Ensure effective behaviour
  3. Maintain homeostasis in the internal environment
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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

Stability in the body

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3
Q

What send electrochemical messages throughout the body

A

The brain and hormones

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS)
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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5
Q

What makes up the CNS

A

The brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What makes up the PNS

A

The rest of the body

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7
Q

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system

A

Neurons and Neuroglial Cells

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8
Q

Neurons

A

Transmit impulses

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9
Q

Neuroglial Cells

A

Support neurons

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10
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive signals

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11
Q

Cell body

A

Contains the nucleus

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12
Q

Axon

A

Conducts nerve impulses away

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13
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Take information from sensory receptors to the CNS

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

Occur within the CNS and integrate input (nonmyelinated)

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15
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Informations from CNS to muscles or glands

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16
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Unmyelinated sections of a myelinated neuron, impulses “jump” from node to node

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17
Q

Neurilemma

A

A thin layer encompassing neurons in the PNS, promoting regeneration

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18
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Responsible for the myelin synthesis, type of glial cells (supporting and nourishing cell found in the nervous system)

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19
Q

Axon Bulb

A

Either at a synaptic bulb or end plate to muscle, contains neurotransmitter

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20
Q

Myelination

A

Covers long axons with a myelin sheath

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21
Q

What does a sheath contains

A

Lipid myelin

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22
Q

What does lipid do to the appearance of the myelin sheath

A

It gives nerve fibers their white appearance

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23
Q

Mulitple Sclerosis

A

Disease of the myelin sheath

24
Q

What are nerves made up of

A

Many neurons

25
Q

What is white matter

A

Mylenated neurons

26
Q

Whats the difference between white and gray matter

A

White matter can regenerate, gray matter won’t regenerate

27
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Pathways that use fewer neurons and it allows you to react rapidly when there is danger

28
Q

What is the order of a reflex arc

A
  1. Sensory Receptor
  2. Sensory Neurons
  3. Interneurons
  4. Motor Neurons
  5. Effector
29
Q

Nerve Impulses

A

Convey Information

30
Q

Oscilloscope

A

Nature of a nerve impulse has been studied by using excised axons and voltmeter

31
Q

Thershold Potential

A

Neurons either fully activate and give a certain level of response, or it doesn’t activate at all

32
Q

How is the brain informed of the intensity by

A
  1. Frequency of firing is increased
  2. The number of neurons that respond to that level of stimulus can increase
33
Q

Resting Potential

A

When no nerve impulse is being conducted

34
Q

What is the charge inside the axon when it is at resting potential

A

-70 mV

35
Q

What is being pumped in the cell and out of the cell during resting potential

A

Potassium is being pumped into the cell. Sodium is being pumped out of the cell

36
Q

Membrane depolarization

A

Also known as the action potential. When the nerve cell is excited and the polarity changes

37
Q

What happens to the potassium and sodium ions in the cell during depolarization

A

The sodium channels open and the sodium rushes in while the potassium gates close. There then becomes a greater concentration of sodium ions in the axon.

38
Q

What does the charge of the axon become during membrane depolarization

A

40mV

39
Q

Membrane Repolarization

A

The charge changes again, the axon membrane goes back to polarized but the sodium is inside the axon membrane and potassium is on the outside

40
Q

What does the Na/K Pump restore

A

The ion concentrations inside and outside the cell

41
Q

Refractory Period

A

Lasts 1-10 ms, it gives time for the neuron to recover. The pump requires ATP in order to work

42
Q

What is the purpose of the refractory period

A

To make sure that the impulse travels forward

43
Q

Synapse

A

The junction between neurons or neurons and effectors

44
Q

When does a transmission of a nerve impulse take place

A

When a neurotransmitter molecule stored in the synaptic vesicles in the axon bulb is released to the synaptic cleft between the axon and the receiving neuron

45
Q

What happens when a nerve impulse reaches an axon bulb

A

Calcium channels open and Calcium flows into the bulb

46
Q

What does the rise in calcium cause

A

Synaptic vesicles to move and merge with the presynaptic membrane

47
Q

What do the synaptic vesicles merging with the presynaptic membrane cause

A

Releasing of the neurotransmitter molecules into the synapse

48
Q

What does the binding of the neurotransmitter to the receptors in the postsynaptic membrane cause

A

Inhibition and Excitation

49
Q

Inhibition

A

Has a hyperpolarizing effect on the postsynaptic membrane

50
Q

Excitatory

A

Has a depolarizing effect on the postsynaptic membrane

51
Q

Summation

A

Summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals

52
Q

Two well known neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine and Norepinephrine

53
Q

What enzyme breaks down acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholinesterase

54
Q

How are neurotransmitter molecules removed from the cleft

A

Enzymatic breakdown or reabsorption

55
Q

Why is synaptic transmission much slower than axonal transmission

A

Neurotransmitter move only by diffusion

Bio Unit 1 (4 decks)

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