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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Brain has what?

A

The cranial cavity of the skull

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3
Q

The spinal cord is what?

A

In the vertebral cavity

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Is everything outside the central nervous system

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5
Q

The CNS + PNS has

A

Neurons that involved in communication and gmail cells provide framework of tissues that support neurons

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6
Q

What is the neurons structure suited for?

A

Role in conducting cells

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7
Q

Which cell has the most cytoplasm?

A

Soma

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8
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

Branches off the cell body

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9
Q

What is the difference between gray and white matter?

A

Gray matter has cell bodies an dendrites and cell bodies but white matter has axons

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10
Q

What does each axon end with?

A

Synaptic and bulb

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11
Q

List 3 types of neurons

A
  1. Unipolar
  2. Multipolar
  3. Bipolar
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12
Q

What is a glial cell?

A

Supporting cells that help neurons

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13
Q

List the 6 types of Glial cells and which nervous system it belongs to

A

CNS
1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendrocyte
3. Microglia
4. Ependymal cell

PNS
1. Satellite cell
2. Schwann cell

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14
Q

What is a myelin?

A

Insulation for axons

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15
Q

What is a myelin sheath?

A

Facilitate transmission of electrical across an axon

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16
Q

List the major regions of the brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain stem
  4. Cerebellum
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17
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Handles memory, emotion, and consciousness

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18
Q

What is the brain stem composed of?

A

Midbrain, hindbrain (pons and medulla)

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19
Q

What is the cerebellum made of?

A

Covered in gyri and allows coordination and function of certain activities

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20
Q

How the spinal cord send off messages?

A

They have spinal nerves, the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral region

21
Q

What does the meninges do, and what is it composed of?

A

Protects the brain, and is set up form dura matter, arachnoid material, and pia mater

22
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

Circulates throughout the CNS

23
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Open spaces in the brain where the CSF circulates and reabsorbed in blood

24
Q

What does the first and second ventricles lie?

A

Cerebrum

25
Q

What is the third ventricle?

A

Space between left and right sides of diencephalon

26
Q

What does the fourth ventricle hold?

A

Subarachnoid space is where the ventricular system opens

27
Q

What is the PNS composed of?

A

Nerves and ganglia

28
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Group of neurons that are either sensory or automatic

29
Q

What are nerves?

A

Connective tissues invested in structure, and has cranial nerves and spinal nerves tied together

30
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
List at least 5 of them

A

12
1, accessory
2. Facial
3. Vagus nerve
4. Olfactory nerve
5. Optic nerve

31
Q

What is the function of the dorsal and ventral nerve roots?

A

The dorsal nerve root contains sensory axons that enter the spinal cord, while the ventral nerve root contains motor fibers (both somatic and autonomic) that emerge from the spinal cord.

32
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

The dorsal root ganglion is an enlargement of the spinal nerve that contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons.

33
Q

What is the primary function of the somatic nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system is responsible for conscious perception of the environment and voluntary responses by skeletal muscles.

34
Q

How do sensory neurons and motor neurons interact in the somatic nervous system?

A

Sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system receive input, and neurons in the central nervous system produce motor responses.

35
Q

How does the withdrawal (flexor) reflex function?

A

response to a painful stimulus, where the nervous system responds by contracting a muscle

36
Q

What is the patellar reflex, and how does it work?

A

The patellar reflex, or knee-jerk reflex, is a stretch reflex where the nervous system responds to the stretching of a muscle (quadriceps) with its contraction, causing the leg to kick.

37
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system, and what are their functions?

A

sympathetic division, responsible for “fight or flight” responses, and the parasympathetic division, responsible for “rest and digest” responses.

38
Q

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions affect the body differently?

A

The sympathetic division activates the respiratory, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems, and inhibits the digestive system to prepare the body for a threat. The parasympathetic division promotes digestion and relaxation by activating the digestive system and reducing activity in other systems.

39
Q

What happens at a synapse in the autonomic nervous system?

A

synapse, an action potential causes the release of a signaling molecule, which binds to receptor proteins on the target cell.

40
Q

What are cholinergic and adrenergic synapses?

A

Cholinergic synapses release acetylcholine (ACh), while adrenergic synapses release norepinephrine.

41
Q

Describe the process of action potential generation.

A

opening of Na+ ion channels, leading to depolarization as Na+ enters the cell. When the membrane potential reaches +30 mV, K+ channels open, causing repolarization as K+ exits the cell.

42
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

refractory period is the time during which another action potential cannot be initiated because the Na+ channels are inactivated.

43
Q

What is continuous conduction in an unmyelinated axon?

A

action potential initiating at the beginning of the axon and propagating by opening more Na+ channels as depolarization spreads along the membrane.

44
Q

What is saltatory conduction in a myelinated axon?

A

action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another

45
Q

What occurs at a chemical synapse?

A

an action potential reaches the axon terminal, causing voltage-gated Ca2+ channels to open.
neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, leading to depolarization or hyperpolarization.

46
Q

How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

diffusion, enzymatic breakdown, or reuptake by transporters in the presynaptic cell membrane.

47
Q

What are the major categories of neurotransmitters?

A

amino acids, biogenic amines, the cholinergic system (acetylcholine), and neuropeptides.

48
Q

Give an example of a neurotransmitter from each major category.

A

glutamate (amino acid), dopamine (biogenic amine), acetylcholine (cholinergic system), and endorphins (neuropeptides).

Human Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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