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BIO 305 - A&P of Vertebrates > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain how the nervous system is divided.

A

CNS and PNS
PNS goes to Afferent and Efferent
Efferent goes to Somatic and Autonomic
Autonomic goes to Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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2
Q

What are the different types of cells in nervous system?

A

Glial cells and neurons

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3
Q

What are glial cels?

A

Functions: support, development, function (myelination)

They outnumber neurons

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4
Q

What are the different types of glial cells?

A

Schwann cells (PNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS) - similar to above, different location. Create myelin sheath.
Astrocytes (CNS - growth factors + signalling

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5
Q

What are the different types of neurons?

A

Sensory, motor, and interneurons

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6
Q

What are some characteristics of neurons?

A

Post-mitotic = dont divide
Membrane proteins respond to voltage
Synapses (electrical and chemical)
Intricate connection patterns

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7
Q

How is the neuron structured?

A 
Dendrites are projections off the cell body = inputs
Cell body (soma) = cell metabolism 
Axon hillock = AP inititation
Axon = AP propagation 
Synaptic terminal
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8
Q

How is the nervous system compared to other vertebrates?

A

Generally similar, few specializations

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9
Q

Which animals and vertebrates did we talk about for nervous system specializations?

A 
Amphioxus (not a vert.) (subphylum cephalochordata)
Lamprey (Agnatha)
Sharks
Bony Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Primates (Mammalia)
Blue Whale (Mammalia)
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10
Q

How is the Amphioxus’ nervous system?

A

Simple
Hollow dorsal nerve cord that stays hollow
No distinct brain; 10,000 neurons only
Unique NMJ - muscles send projections to nerve cord, not vice versa
Peripheral nerves - no myelin
Simple photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors - no functional eyes or olfactory epithelia

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of the Lamprey nervous system?

A 
Simple brain - cephalization
Diffuse ANS 
No myelin
Electrical and chemical synapses
Smallest brain/body mass ratio
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12
Q

What are the characteristics of the shark nervous system?

A

Brain/body mass ratio > bony fish
ANS more distinct
Myelin present!
Separate rase, smell receptors

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of the bony fish nervous system?

A

Diverse brains
Lateral line –> pressure sensors (prominent in schooling fish)
Mauthner nerve cells - fast start reflex triggered and connects to opposite body wall muscles

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of the amphibian nervous system?

A

NS similar to fishes
Cerebrum not well developed
Spinal nerves modified for limbs - increased muscles in limbs
Cerebellum less complex than fish

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the reptile nervous system?

A

Small brain/body mass ratio
Cerebrum more developed - takes on role of other parts of the brain (before mostly smell)
Thalamus = important relay center

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the bird nervous system?

A

Brain/body mass ratio = high
Cerebrum enlarged - more thinking + learning
Some sensory nerves are decreased (touch, smell) - because eyesight important and smell sucks
Cerebellum is large and highly folded

17
Q

What are the characteristics of the primate NS?

A

Brain/body mass ratio = highest
Front, occipital lobes are increased
High speed conduction (myelin)

Occipital = vision; Frontal = learning + memory

18
Q

What are the characteristics of the blue whale nervous system?

A 
Largest brain (9-10kg)
Highly folded cerebrum
Inferior colliculi enlargement (important for coordination of sound)
19
Q

Why does the brains have folds in it? Where do we see it more?

A

Usually bigger mammals have more folded brains

Folding is important because otherwise the brain wouldn’t fit

20
Q

What does the brain/body mass ratio mean?

A

It gives us an idea of intelligence

21
Q

What vertebrates have the top 3 brain/body mass ratios?

A

Humans, porpoises, chimps

22
Q

Which dinosaur was the smartest? How do we know?

A

Troodon

We think this because it had the largest brain case, and use this to estimate brain/body mass ratio

23
Q

Which dinosaurs were dumb?

A

Sauropods, really small heads compared to their bodies

So small they shouldn’t even be able to coordinate movement

24
Q

Which animals were outliers on the brain/body mass ratio chart?

A

Dogfish and sting rays - but they aren’t smart
It is because there are only certain parts of the brain that correlate with intelligence. Eg. large medulla does not equal smart

25
Q

What other ratio tells us about intelligence?

A

An increased cerebrum/cerebellum ratio = intelligent

26
Q

Who studied animal electricity first?

A

Luigi Galvani

He proposed we must have electricity in us since a circuit in his experiment was completed by us

27
Q

What tools are used to measure electricity in cells?

A

Oscilloscopes and amplifiers

28
Q

What does the RMP get affected by?

A

The membranes permeability to ions (leak), negatively charged proteins, and the Na/K pump

29
Q

What will RMP be closest to?

A

It will be closed to Eion that is most permeable, which can vary

30
Q

What is the main job of the Na/K pump?

A

Maintains the gradient

31
Q

How is Ohm’s law related to the membrane?

A 
V = I x R
Capacitor = lipid bilayer
Resistors = protein channels - but we call them Conductors instead (1/R)
32
Q

Look at notes for this part in between

A

…

33
Q

What kind of special proteins are needed to have action potentials?

A

Voltage Gated ion channels

34
Q

Why do squids have a giant axon?

A

Because they move by jet propulsion, so they need to be able to contract all of their muscles very quickly in their mantle

35
Q

Patch clamp shit…

A

…

36
Q

Which toxin(s) affect the VGNC?

A

TTX (puffer fish)

Saxitoxin (dinoflagellates)

37
Q

Which toxin(s) affect VGKC?

A

Apamin (bees)
Charbydotoxin (scorpions)
Dendrotoxins (snakes)

38
Q

Which toxin(s) affect VGCC?

A

Conotoxins (conus snails)

Agatoxin (funowob spider)

BIO 305 - A&P of Vertebrates (7 decks)

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