NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 1

Divisions of the Nervous System:

Answer 1

Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System

Question 2

Central Nervous System contains:

Answer 2

Brain and spinal cord

Question 3

Peripheral Nervous System contains:

Answer 3

Nerves and Ganglia

Question 4

Two Subdivisions of the PNS:

Answer 4

Sensory or Afferent Division
Motor of Efferent Division

Question 5

a junction where the axon of one neuron interacts w/ another neuron or an effector organ such as a muscle or gland
🞇

Answer 5

Synapse -

Question 6

end of the axon having synaptic vesicles filled w/ neurotransmitters such as: acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonine, dopamine, γ- aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, endorphins

Answer 6

Presynaptic Terminal –

Question 7

🞇 membrane of dendrite

Answer 7

Postsynaptic Membrane –

Question 8

an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS

Answer 8

Reflex –

Question 9

– the neuronal pathway by which a reflex occurs; the basic functional unit of the nervous system because it is the smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a stimulus and yielding a response.

Answer 9

🞇 Reflex Arc

Question 10

extends from the foramen magnum at the base of the skull to the 2nd lumbar vertebra; 31 pairs of spinal nerves communicate bet. spinal cord & body

Answer 10

Spinal Cord –

Question 11

– inferior end resembling horsetail

Answer 11

🞇 Cauda Equina

Question 12

🞇 White Matter has 3 Columns:

Answer 12

dorsal, ventral, lateral

Question 13

🞇 White Matter has 3 Columns:

Answer 13

dorsal, ventral, lateral

Question 14

simplest; muscles contract in response to a stretching force applied to them; example is the Knee-jerk Reflex/Patellar Reflex w/c determines if the higher CNS centers are functional

Answer 14

Stretch Reflex –

Question 15

– functions to remove a limb or other body part from a painful stimulus

Answer 15

🞇 Withdrawal Reflex/Flexor Reflex

Question 16

– where nerves come together and separate

Answer 16

Plexuses

Question 17

– C1-C4; w/ phrenic
nerve= innervates the diaphragm

Answer 17

🞇 Cervical Plexus

Question 18

– C5-T1; axillary nerve, radial nerve, musculocutaneous nerve, ulnar nerve, median nerve

Answer 18

🞇 Brachial Plexus

Question 19

– L1-S4; obturator nerve, femoral nerve, tibial nerve + common fibular nerve= sciatic nerve

Answer 19

🞇 Lumbosacral Plexus

Question 20

– connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain; contains several nuclei involved in control of heart rate, blood pressure, breathing; damage to its small areas can cause death

Answer 20

Brainstem

Question 21

– most inferior portion & continues w/ the spinal cord
- functions for regulation of heart rate & blood vessel diameter, breathing,

Answer 21

Medulla Oblongata

Question 22

– means “bridge” resembling an arched footbridge connecting the cerebrum to the cerbellum thus relaying info bet. them; immediately superior to medulla oblongata
-functions for breathing, swallowing, balance, chewing, salivation

Answer 22

Pons

Question 23

– superior to pons; smallest in the brainstem

Answer 23

Midbrain

Question 24

– scattered throughout the brainstem; major component of the reticular activating system
-functions in regulating cyclical motor functions such as respiration, chewing, walking, arousing & maintaining consciousness, regulating sleep-wake cycle

Answer 24

Reticular Formation

Question 25

– between the brainstem & cerebrum

Answer 25

Diencephalon

Question 26

– largest part; shaped like yo-yo; influence mood; registers unlocalized, uncomfortable perception of pain

Answer 26

.Thalamus

Question 27

– superior & posterior to thalamus; involved in emotional & visceral response to odors & pineal body that influence onset of puberty; control long-term cycle

Answer 27

Epithalamus

Question 28

– “little brain”; attached by cerebellar peduncles to brainstem
- involved in balance, maintenance of muscle tone, coordination of fine motor movement; comparator resulting in smooth & coordinated movements; learning motor skills like riding a bike or playing the piano

Answer 28

Cerebellum

Question 29

– largest part of brain
longitudinal fissure – divides cerebrum into left & right hemisphere

Answer 29

Cerebrum

Question 30

– numerous folds on the surface of each hemisphere, increase the surface area of cortex

Answer 30

gyri

Question 31

– intervening grooves

Answer 31

sulci

Question 32

– control voluntary motor functions, motivation, aggression, mood, olfactory reception

Answer 32

Frontal lobe

Question 33

M…

Answer 33

Parietal lobe

Question 34

– receives sensory input from & controls muscular activity in the left half of the body; involved in three dimensional or spatial perception & musical ability

Answer 34

Right Cerebral Hemisphere

Question 35

– connection bet two hemispheres e.g. corpus callosum (largest)

Answer 35

🞇 Commisures

Question 36

receives input from & controls muscles in the right half of the body; more analytical w/ emphasis in math & speech

Answer 36

🞇 Left Cerebral Hemisphere –

Question 37

– major cortical areas involved in speech; damage result to aphasia-absent of defective speech or language comprehension

Answer 37

Sensory speech area (Wernicke’s area) in the parietal lobe & motor speech area (Broca’s area) in inferior portion of frontal lobe

Question 38

– series of neurons involved in long-term retention of a given piece of info, thought or idea; requires
rehearsal of info for transfer from ….

Answer 38

🞇 Memory engrams or memory traces

Question 39

– muscle tone, skilled
movements of hands
– muscle tone, movement of trunk muscle
– movement coordination
– posture adjustment during
movement
– posture, balance

Answer 39

🞇 Lateral Corticospinal
🞇 Anterior Corticospinal
🞇 Rubrospinal
🞇 Reticulospinal
🞇 Vestibulospinal

Question 40

– pathways that transmit action potentials from periphery to various brain parts
– for pain, temp, light
touch, pressure, tickle, itch sensation
– proprioception, touch,
deep pressure, vibration
– body position
(proprioception) to cerebellum

Answer 40

Ascending Tracts

🞇 Spinothalamic Tract
🞇 Dorsal Column
🞇 Spinocerebellar

Question 41

– group of functionally related nuclei; important in planning, organizing, coordinating motor movements & posture
- example are the corpus striatum &
substantia nigra
- basal nuclei disorders feature ‘resting tremor’ or slight shaking of hands when a person is not performing a task; Parkinson’s disease; cerebral palsy; difficulty in rising from a sitting position and initiating a walk

Answer 41

Basal Nuclei

Question 42

connective tissue membranes surrounding and protecting the brain & spinal cord

Answer 42

Meninges –

Question 43

– bet the dura mater & periosteum of the vertebrae

Answer 43

epidural space

Question 44

– “tough mother”
subdural space – between dura mater & arachnoid w/ serous fluid

Answer 44

Dura mater

Question 45

“fight-or-flight” division; prepares the body for physical activity; prepares the person to face a threat or leave as quickly as possible
🞇 Increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates respiratory passageways, stimulates perspiration

Answer 45

Sympathetic division

Question 46

🞇 “rest or repose” division
🞇 Stimulates vegetative activities such as
digestion, defecation, urination
🞇 Slows down the heart rate and respiration
🞇 Causes the pupils of the eye to constrict
and lens to thicken

Answer 46

Parasympathetic Division

Question 47

🞇 Capable of monitoring & controlling the digestive tract independently of the CNS.

Answer 47

🞇 Enteric Nervous System