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Nervous System Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what are the 3 sub divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic
autonomic
enteric

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3
Q

describe the sensory and motor pathways of the somatic nervous system

A

sensory: somatic and special sense receptors to to CNS

motor: info from CNS to skeletal muscle

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4
Q

describe the sensory and motor pathways of the autonomic nervous system

A

sensory: receptors in visceral organs

motor: intro from CNS to cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

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5
Q

how is the autonomic nervous system divided

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

describe the sensory and motor pathways of the enteric nervous system

A

sensory: motor chemical changes and stretch in GI tract

motor: innervates smooth muscle and glands and endocrine cells in GI tract

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7
Q

what are the 6 main structures of the neuron

A

cell body (soma)
dendrites
Axon
node of ranvier
Axon terminals
synaptic end bulb

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of neurons

A

multipolar neuron
bipolar
unipolar

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9
Q

what are the 6 types of neuroglia

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
Schwann cells
satellite cells

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10
Q

what are the 5 types of channels

A

leak channel
ligand-gated channel
mechanically-gated channel
voltage-gated channels
sodium-potassium pump

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11
Q

describe the leak channel

A

randomly open and close, letting ions specific to the channel to slowly leak in/out

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12
Q

describe the ligand-gated channel

A

open/close in response to a ligand/chemical; neurotransmitters, hormones, ions can be the stimulus for them to open/close

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13
Q

describe mechanically-gated channels

A

opens/closes due to mechanical stimulation such as vibrations, pressure on skin, stretch tissue

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14
Q

describe voltage-gated channels

A

open in response to voltage change
(open, inactive, close)

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15
Q

describe sodium-potassium pump

A

restoration and maintenance of resting membrane potential

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16
Q

describe the resting membrane potential

A

the summary of the amount of positive or negative ions on both the inside and outside of the cell

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17
Q

describe the graded potential

A

small deviation in resting membrane potential making it less or more polarised

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18
Q

describe summation

A

graded potentials added together, summating to create a bigger one

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19
Q

describe an action potential

A

sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease or reverse membrane potential and restores it to resting state

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20
Q

describe what the threshold is

A

the summated membrane potential needs to meet this mark to create an action potential

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21
Q

describe the sequence of events for an AP with the voltage-gated channels

A

resting: Na and K channels closed.
depolarisation: Na channels open, Na moves into cell.
Depolarisation: Na channels inactivated. K channels open and move into cell.
Hyperpolarisation: Na channels closed. K channels still open and exiting cell.
Resting: Na and K channels closed. Na/K pumps restore resting potential

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

what are the two refactors periods of AP

A

absolute refractory period
relative refractory period

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24
Q

describe absolute refractory period

A

Na channels are already open so it can’t be open any further, and needs to close before opening again to start new AP

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25
describe relative refractory period
second AP can occur but only by a larger than normal stimulus
26
what is propagation
AP in neurone must travel from where they arise in neuron to muscle or gland
27
what is continuous propagation
occurs in unmylinated axons; must occur in each segment of the axon
28
what is saltatory propagation
occurs in myelinated axons; the AP can "jump" over the myelin sheaths to the other nodes of ranvier - faster
29
what is a synapse
where neurons connect and communicate with each other
30
describe an electrical synapse
AP conducted directly between plasma memb of adjacent neurons through gap junctions. allows for fast communication and to be synchronised
31
describe a chemical synapse
pre and post synaptic cells are separated by synaptic cleft which is filled with interstitial fluid
32
what are the 7 steps of a chemical synapse
1. AP arrives at axon terminal 2. voltage gated Ca channels open 3. Ca enters the cell 4. Ca signals to vesicles 5. vesicles move into the membrane 6. docked vesicles release neurotransmitter by exocytosis 7. neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors
33
what is the excitatory postsynaptic potential
a depolarising postsynaptic potential. brings the postsynaptic memb closer to threshold
34
what is the inhibitory postsynaptic potential
a hyperpolarising postsynaptic potential. takes thepostsynaptic memb further from threshold
35
what is the trigger zone
net summation of EPSPs and IPSPs determines whether an action potential is generated here
36
what are the three cranial meninges layerings
dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater
37
describe the blood-brain barrier
endothelial cells with tight junctions, a thicker basement memb and end-feet of astrocytes surround the capillaries of the brain - separates brain tissue from harmful substances in blood
38
describe the circle of willis
circular arrangement of interconnected arteries at the base of the brain to ensure a continuous supply of blood throughout the brain
39
describe cerebrospinal fluid
clear fluid that protects brain from chemical and physical injury
40
what is the pathway of CSF
lateral ventricle third ventricle fourth ventricle central canal subarachnoid space outside of spinal cord and brain back to Venus sinuses to be reabsorbed
41
what are the three parts of the brain stem
medulla oblongata pons midbrain
42
what are the four parts of the cerebrum
frontal lobe parietal lobe occipital lobe temporal lobe
43
what are the three parts of the diencephalon
thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus
44
function of the medulla
contains all sensory motor tracts
45
function of the pons
contains pontine respiratory group
46
function of the midbrain
contains superior and inferior colliculi
47
function of cerebellum
coordination of movement, balance and posture
48
function of thalamus
relay station for sensory input
49
function of hypothalamus
major regulator of homeostasis
50
function of epithalamus
contains pineal gland
51
function of frontal lobe
houses motor cortex
52
function of parietal lobe
houses primary somatosensory cortex
53
function of occipital lobe
houses visual cortex
54
function of temporal lobe
houses hippocampus
55
function of corpus callosum
connects left and right hemisphere
56
function of lateral ventricles
produces CSF, as if contains choroid plexuses
57
function of motor cortex
initiate all voluntary movements (pre)
58
function of somatosensory cortex
processes and interprets all somatic senses (post)
59
what is a gyrus
bridge in cerebrum
60
what is a sulcus
small indent in cerebrum
61
what is a fissure
large indent in cerebrum
62
mnemonic for cranial nerves - order of nerves and then order of what kind of nerve they are
On on on they travelled and found Voldemort guarding very ancient horses. some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more
63
describe the protective coverings of the spinal cord
vertebral foramen; vertebra stacked together to form a tunnel for the cord to ru through intervertebral foramen; the holes between the vertebra for the nerves to exit meninges; same layers of protection as the brain epidural space; between dura mater and vertebra
64
what are the two enlargement ares of the spine
cervical enlargement - where nerves to and from the upper limbs arise lumbar enlargement - where nerves to and from the lower libs arise
65
describe the posterior (dorsal) horns
contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons and axons of incoming neurons
66
describe the anterior (ventral) neurons
contains somatic motor nuclei, providing nerve impulses for contractions of skeletal muscles
67
describe the lateral horns
contains autonomic nuclei to regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands
68
what are the three divisions of the white matter of vertebra
anterior (ventral) columns posterior (dorsal) columns lateral columns
69
what are the parts of the spinal nerve that connect to the white matter
posterior (dorsal) root - rootlets ; contains sensory axons
70
what are the parts of the spinal nerve that leave the white matter
anterior (ventral) roots - tootles ; take nerve impulses from CNS to effectors
71
what is a ganglion
the swelling section of a posterior root ; contains cell bodies of sensory neurons
72
what are the 3 layers of the spinal nerve
endoneurium perineurium epineurium
73
what is the bundle of endonmesiumcalled
fascicles
74
what are the 3 different rami branches called once the nerve has passed the intervertebral foreman
posterior (dorsal) anterior (ventral) ramus meningeal branch
75
what is a plexus
the anterior ramus axons that form a network with other axons
76
what is the purpose of plexuses
enhance efficiency and flexibility of nerve system, by allowing different fibres to mix and ensures that if one never is damaged, it can still function
77
what are the divisions/pathway of the nerves
roots (plexus) trunk anterior division posterior division cord branches
78
what is the dermatome
area of skin which is mostly supplied by a single spinal nerve
79
what are the 3 ways receptors can be classified
microscopic structure location and origin of stimuli type of stimulus detected
80
describe the muscle spindle
monitor the change in length of muscle and participate in the stretch reflex
81
describe the Golgi tendon organ
monitor change in muscle tension
82
what are the 5 types of stimulus to be detected
mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors nociceptors photoreceptors chemoreceptors
83
what are mechanoreceptors
mechanical stimulus - deformation, stretching, bending
84
what are thermoreceptors
changes in temp
85
what are nociceptors
painful stimulus due to physical or chemical damage to tissue
86
what are photoreceptors
detect light that hits the retina of the eye
87
what are chemoreceptors
detect chemicals in mouth, nose and body fluids
88
describe the general sensory pathway
first order neuron; receptor to brainstem/spinal cord second order neuron; brainstem/spinal cord to thalamus third order neuron ; thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex
89
describe the posterior column-medial lemniscus
sensory impulses for touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception from limbs, trunk, neck and posterior head - 1st order neuron extend from receptors to medulla on same side - 2nd order neuron decussate in medulla and extend to thalamus - 3rd order neuron project from thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex
90
describe anterolateral (spinothalamic)
sensory impulses for pain, temp, itch, tickle from limbs, trunk, neck and posterior head -1st order neuron extends from receptors to spinal cord on same side - 2nd order neurons decussate in spinal cord and extend to thalamus -3rd order neurons project from thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex
91
describe trigeminothalamic
sensory impulses for pain pain, temp, itch and touch from the face, head and oral cavity -1st order neuron extends from receptors to spinal cord on same side 2nd order neuron decussate in spinal cord and extends to thalamus 3rd order neuron projects from thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex
92
describe anterior and posterior spinocerebellar
transmits nerve impulses from proprioceptors in the trunk and lower limbs to the cerebellum. allows for coordination of movement and maintenance of posture and balance
93
what are the 2 direct somatic motor pathways
corticospinal (lateral and anterior) corticobulbar
94
what are the 4 indirect somatic motor pathways
rubrospinal tectospinal vestibulospinal reticulospinal (medial and lateral)
95
describe the lateral and anterior corticospinal pathway
conduct motor impulses for the control of skeletal muscles in the limbs and trunks; axons that decussate in medulla innervate muscle in distal limbs. axons that decussate in the spinal cord innervate muscles in trunk and proximal limbs
96
describe each of the indirect somatic motor pathways
rubrospinal - innervates muscles controlling precise movements of distal upper limbs tectospinal - innervates muscles which reflexively move head, eyes and trunk vestibulcochlear - innervates muscles relating to posture and balance in response to head movement medial and lateral reticulospinal - innervates muscles relating to posture and muscle tone in response to body movement
96
describe the corticobulbar pathway
conducts motor impulses for the control of skeletal muscles in the head including eye, tongue and neck; lower motor neurons extend to skeletal muscle through 9 pairs of cranial nerves
97
what is the reflex arc
rapid involuntary response to stimulus that occurs automatically without thought
98
what are the 5 steps of a reflex arc
sensory receptor; responds to stim by producing a receptor potential sensory neuron; axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating centre integrating centre; one or more regions within the ins relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons motor neuron; axon conducts impulses from integrating centre to effector effector - muscle or gland that responds to motor impulses
99
what are the classifications of reflexes
development, processing site, nature of response, side of body, complexity
100
describe steps of stretch reflex
stretching stimulates sensory receptor. sensory neuron excited. within integrating receptor, sensory neuron activates motor neuron. motor neuron excited. effector contracts and relieves the stretching.
101
describe steps of tendon reflex
increased tension stimulates sensory receptor. sensory neuron excited. within integrating genre, sensory neuron activates inhibitory interneuron. motor neuron inhibited. effector relaxes and relieves excess tension
102
describe steps of crossed extensor reflex
stepping on tack stimulates sensory receptor in foot. sensory neuron excited. within integrating centre, sensory neuron activates several interneurons. motor neuron excited. effectors contract
103
what is the main difference between somatic and autonomic nervous systems
somatic - one division; singular motor neuron from brainstem innervates the effector autonomic - two divisions; parasympathetic and sympathetic
104
describe the sympathetic division
fight or flight supports rapid production of ATP 'E' Activities
105
describe the parasympathetic division
rest and digest. breed and feed. conserve and restore energy. 'D' activities
106
describe the sympathetics origin of fibres, location of ganglia length of preganglionic fibres, length of postganglionic fibres
thoracic and lumbar spinal cord close to spinal cord short preganglionic fibres long post ganglionic fibres
107
describe the parasympathetics origin of fibres, location of ganglia length of preganglionic fibres, length of postganglionic fibres
brain and sacral spinal cord close to or within effector long preganglionic fibres short postganglionic fibres

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