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Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system

A

Central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what are the 3 sub divisions of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic
autonomic
enteric

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3
Q

describe the sensory and motor pathways of the somatic nervous system

A

sensory: somatic and special sense receptors to to CNS

motor: info from CNS to skeletal muscle

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4
Q

describe the sensory and motor pathways of the autonomic nervous system

A

sensory: receptors in visceral organs

motor: intro from CNS to cardiac and smooth muscle and glands

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5
Q

how is the autonomic nervous system divided

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

describe the sensory and motor pathways of the enteric nervous system

A

sensory: motor chemical changes and stretch in GI tract

motor: innervates smooth muscle and glands and endocrine cells in GI tract

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7
Q

what are the 6 main structures of the neuron

A

cell body (soma)
dendrites
Axon
node of ranvier
Axon terminals
synaptic end bulb

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of neurons

A

multipolar neuron
bipolar
unipolar

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9
Q

what are the 6 types of neuroglia

A

astrocytes
oligodendrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells
Schwann cells
satellite cells

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10
Q

what are the 5 types of channels

A

leak channel
ligand-gated channel
mechanically-gated channel
voltage-gated channels
sodium-potassium pump

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11
Q

describe the leak channel

A

randomly open and close, letting ions specific to the channel to slowly leak in/out

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12
Q

describe the ligand-gated channel

A

open/close in response to a ligand/chemical; neurotransmitters, hormones, ions can be the stimulus for them to open/close

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13
Q

describe mechanically-gated channels

A

opens/closes due to mechanical stimulation such as vibrations, pressure on skin, stretch tissue

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14
Q

describe voltage-gated channels

A

open in response to voltage change
(open, inactive, close)

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15
Q

describe sodium-potassium pump

A

restoration and maintenance of resting membrane potential

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16
Q

describe the resting membrane potential

A

the summary of the amount of positive or negative ions on both the inside and outside of the cell

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17
Q

describe the graded potential

A

small deviation in resting membrane potential making it less or more polarised

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18
Q

describe summation

A

graded potentials added together, summating to create a bigger one

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19
Q

describe an action potential

A

sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease or reverse membrane potential and restores it to resting state

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20
Q

describe what the threshold is

A

the summated membrane potential needs to meet this mark to create an action potential

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21
Q

describe the sequence of events for an AP with the voltage-gated channels

A

resting: Na and K channels closed.
depolarisation: Na channels open, Na moves into cell.
Depolarisation: Na channels inactivated. K channels open and move into cell.
Hyperpolarisation: Na channels closed. K channels still open and exiting cell.
Resting: Na and K channels closed. Na/K pumps restore resting potential

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

what are the two refactors periods of AP

A

absolute refractory period
relative refractory period

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24
Q

describe absolute refractory period

A

Na channels are already open so it can’t be open any further, and needs to close before opening again to start new AP

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25
Q

describe relative refractory period

A

second AP can occur but only by a larger than normal stimulus

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26
Q

what is propagation

A

AP in neurone must travel from where they arise in neuron to muscle or gland

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27
Q

what is continuous propagation

A

occurs in unmylinated axons; must occur in each segment of the axon

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28
Q

what is saltatory propagation

A

occurs in myelinated axons; the AP can “jump” over the myelin sheaths to the other nodes of ranvier - faster

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29
Q

what is a synapse

A

where neurons connect and communicate with each other

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30
Q

describe an electrical synapse

A

AP conducted directly between plasma memb of adjacent neurons through gap junctions. allows for fast communication and to be synchronised

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31
Q

describe a chemical synapse

A

pre and post synaptic cells are separated by synaptic cleft which is filled with interstitial fluid

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32
Q

what are the 7 steps of a chemical synapse

A
  1. AP arrives at axon terminal
  2. voltage gated Ca channels open
  3. Ca enters the cell
  4. Ca signals to vesicles
  5. vesicles move into the membrane
  6. docked vesicles release neurotransmitter by exocytosis
  7. neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors
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33
Q

what is the excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

a depolarising postsynaptic potential. brings the postsynaptic memb closer to threshold

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34
Q

what is the inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

a hyperpolarising postsynaptic potential. takes thepostsynaptic memb further from threshold

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35
Q

what is the trigger zone

A

net summation of EPSPs and IPSPs determines whether an action potential is generated here

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36
Q

what are the three cranial meninges layerings

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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37
Q

describe the blood-brain barrier

A

endothelial cells with tight junctions, a thicker basement memb and end-feet of astrocytes surround the capillaries of the brain - separates brain tissue from harmful substances in blood

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38
Q

describe the circle of willis

A

circular arrangement of interconnected arteries at the base of the brain to ensure a continuous supply of blood throughout the brain

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39
Q

describe cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear fluid that protects brain from chemical and physical injury

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40
Q

what is the pathway of CSF

A

lateral ventricle
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
central canal
subarachnoid space
outside of spinal cord and brain
back to Venus sinuses to be reabsorbed

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41
Q

what are the three parts of the brain stem

A

medulla oblongata
pons
midbrain

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42
Q

what are the four parts of the cerebrum

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

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43
Q

what are the three parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

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44
Q

function of the medulla

A

contains all sensory motor tracts

45
Q

function of the pons

A

contains pontine respiratory group

46
Q

function of the midbrain

A

contains superior and inferior colliculi

47
Q

function of cerebellum

A

coordination of movement, balance and posture

48
Q

function of thalamus

A

relay station for sensory input

49
Q

function of hypothalamus

A

major regulator of homeostasis

50
Q

function of epithalamus

A

contains pineal gland

51
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

houses motor cortex

52
Q

function of parietal lobe

A

houses primary somatosensory cortex

53
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

houses visual cortex

54
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

houses hippocampus

55
Q

function of corpus callosum

A

connects left and right hemisphere

56
Q

function of lateral ventricles

A

produces CSF, as if contains choroid plexuses

57
Q

function of motor cortex

A

initiate all voluntary movements (pre)

58
Q

function of somatosensory cortex

A

processes and interprets all somatic senses (post)

59
Q

what is a gyrus

A

bridge in cerebrum

60
Q

what is a sulcus

A

small indent in cerebrum

61
Q

what is a fissure

A

large indent in cerebrum

62
Q

mnemonic for cranial nerves - order of nerves and then order of what kind of nerve they are

A

On on on they travelled and found Voldemort guarding very ancient horses.

some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter more

63
Q

describe the protective coverings of the spinal cord

A

vertebral foramen; vertebra stacked together to form a tunnel for the cord to ru through

intervertebral foramen; the holes between the vertebra for the nerves to exit

meninges; same layers of protection as the brain

epidural space; between dura mater and vertebra

64
Q

what are the two enlargement ares of the spine

A

cervical enlargement - where nerves to and from the upper limbs arise

lumbar enlargement - where nerves to and from the lower libs arise

65
Q

describe the posterior (dorsal) horns

A

contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons and axons of incoming neurons

66
Q

describe the anterior (ventral) neurons

A

contains somatic motor nuclei, providing nerve impulses for contractions of skeletal muscles

67
Q

describe the lateral horns

A

contains autonomic nuclei to regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands

68
Q

what are the three divisions of the white matter of vertebra

A

anterior (ventral) columns
posterior (dorsal) columns
lateral columns

69
Q

what are the parts of the spinal nerve that connect to the white matter

A

posterior (dorsal) root - rootlets ; contains sensory axons

70
Q

what are the parts of the spinal nerve that leave the white matter

A

anterior (ventral) roots - tootles ; take nerve impulses from CNS to effectors

71
Q

what is a ganglion

A

the swelling section of a posterior root ; contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

72
Q

what are the 3 layers of the spinal nerve

A

endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

73
Q

what is the bundle of endonmesiumcalled

A

fascicles

74
Q

what are the 3 different rami branches called once the nerve has passed the intervertebral foreman

A

posterior (dorsal)
anterior (ventral) ramus
meningeal branch

75
Q

what is a plexus

A

the anterior ramus axons that form a network with other axons

76
Q

what is the purpose of plexuses

A

enhance efficiency and flexibility of nerve system, by allowing different fibres to mix and ensures that if one never is damaged, it can still function

77
Q

what are the divisions/pathway of the nerves

A

roots (plexus)
trunk
anterior division
posterior division
cord
branches

78
Q

what is the dermatome

A

area of skin which is mostly supplied by a single spinal nerve

79
Q

what are the 3 ways receptors can be classified

A

microscopic structure
location and origin of stimuli
type of stimulus detected

80
Q

describe the muscle spindle

A

monitor the change in length of muscle and participate in the stretch reflex

81
Q

describe the Golgi tendon organ

A

monitor change in muscle tension

82
Q

what are the 5 types of stimulus to be detected

A

mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nociceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors

83
Q

what are mechanoreceptors

A

mechanical stimulus - deformation, stretching, bending

84
Q

what are thermoreceptors

A

changes in temp

85
Q

what are nociceptors

A

painful stimulus due to physical or chemical damage to tissue

86
Q

what are photoreceptors

A

detect light that hits the retina of the eye

87
Q

what are chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals in mouth, nose and body fluids

88
Q

describe the general sensory pathway

A

first order neuron; receptor to brainstem/spinal cord

second order neuron; brainstem/spinal cord to thalamus

third order neuron ; thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex

89
Q

describe the posterior column-medial lemniscus

A

sensory impulses for touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception from limbs, trunk, neck and posterior head

  • 1st order neuron extend from receptors to medulla on same side
  • 2nd order neuron decussate in medulla and extend to thalamus
  • 3rd order neuron project from thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex
90
Q

describe anterolateral (spinothalamic)

A

sensory impulses for pain, temp, itch, tickle from limbs, trunk, neck and posterior head

-1st order neuron extends from receptors to spinal cord on same side
- 2nd order neurons decussate in spinal cord and extend to thalamus
-3rd order neurons project from thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex

91
Q

describe trigeminothalamic

A

sensory impulses for pain pain, temp, itch and touch from the face, head and oral cavity

-1st order neuron extends from receptors to spinal cord on same side
2nd order neuron decussate in spinal cord and extends to thalamus
3rd order neuron projects from thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex

92
Q

describe anterior and posterior spinocerebellar

A

transmits nerve impulses from proprioceptors in the trunk and lower limbs to the cerebellum. allows for coordination of movement and maintenance of posture and balance

93
Q

what are the 2 direct somatic motor pathways

A

corticospinal (lateral and anterior)
corticobulbar

94
Q

what are the 4 indirect somatic motor pathways

A

rubrospinal
tectospinal
vestibulospinal
reticulospinal (medial and lateral)

95
Q

describe the lateral and anterior corticospinal pathway

A

conduct motor impulses for the control of skeletal muscles in the limbs and trunks;
axons that decussate in medulla innervate muscle in distal limbs. axons that decussate in the spinal cord innervate muscles in trunk and proximal limbs

96
Q

describe each of the indirect somatic motor pathways

A

rubrospinal - innervates muscles controlling precise movements of distal upper limbs

tectospinal - innervates muscles which reflexively move head, eyes and trunk

vestibulcochlear - innervates muscles relating to posture and balance in response to head movement

medial and lateral reticulospinal - innervates muscles relating to posture and muscle tone in response to body movement

96
Q

describe the corticobulbar pathway

A

conducts motor impulses for the control of skeletal muscles in the head including eye, tongue and neck;
lower motor neurons extend to skeletal muscle through 9 pairs of cranial nerves

97
Q

what is the reflex arc

A

rapid involuntary response to stimulus that occurs automatically without thought

98
Q

what are the 5 steps of a reflex arc

A

sensory receptor; responds to stim by producing a receptor potential

sensory neuron; axon conducts impulses from receptor to integrating centre

integrating centre; one or more regions within the ins relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons

motor neuron; axon conducts impulses from integrating centre to effector

effector - muscle or gland that responds to motor impulses

99
Q

what are the classifications of reflexes

A

development, processing site, nature of response, side of body, complexity

100
Q

describe steps of stretch reflex

A

stretching stimulates sensory receptor.
sensory neuron excited.
within integrating receptor, sensory neuron activates motor neuron.
motor neuron excited.
effector contracts and relieves the stretching.

101
Q

describe steps of tendon reflex

A

increased tension stimulates sensory receptor.
sensory neuron excited.
within integrating genre, sensory neuron activates inhibitory interneuron.
motor neuron inhibited.
effector relaxes and relieves excess tension

102
Q

describe steps of crossed extensor reflex

A

stepping on tack stimulates sensory receptor in foot.
sensory neuron excited.
within integrating centre, sensory neuron activates several interneurons.
motor neuron excited.
effectors contract

103
Q

what is the main difference between somatic and autonomic nervous systems

A

somatic - one division; singular motor neuron from brainstem innervates the effector

autonomic - two divisions; parasympathetic and sympathetic

104
Q

describe the sympathetic division

A

fight or flight
supports rapid production of ATP
‘E’ Activities

105
Q

describe the parasympathetic division

A

rest and digest.
breed and feed.
conserve and restore energy.
‘D’ activities

106
Q

describe the sympathetics origin of fibres, location of ganglia length of preganglionic fibres, length of postganglionic fibres

A

thoracic and lumbar spinal cord

close to spinal cord

short preganglionic fibres

long post ganglionic fibres

107
Q

describe the parasympathetics origin of fibres, location of ganglia length of preganglionic fibres, length of postganglionic fibres

A

brain and sacral spinal cord

close to or within effector

long preganglionic fibres

short postganglionic fibres

RAP (3 decks)

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