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Physiology Test 3 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

CNS

A

integrating system
brain and spinal cord
enclosed within meninges

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2
Q

PNS

A

afferent
efferent

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3
Q

afferent

A

sensory
receive information from receptors

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4
Q

efferent

A

output
sends info to target cells (muscles and glands)

autonomic neurons
somatic motor neurons

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5
Q

autonomic neurons

A

sympathetic
parasympathetic
enteric nervous system

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6
Q

sympathetic

A

excitatory
fight and flight

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7
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

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8
Q

meninges outer to inner

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
pia mater

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9
Q

nerve cells

A

glial
neurons

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10
Q

neurons

A

functional unit
carry electrical signals and respond to electrical and chemical signals

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11
Q

axon

A

carry action potential away from soma

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12
Q

dendrites

A

receive impulses from other neurons

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13
Q

cerebrum

A

receives sensations from and controls the movements of the contralateral side of the body

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14
Q

cerebellum

A

equilibrium and coordination

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15
Q

brainstem

A

conduit between cerebrum and spinal cord
regulate vital body functions
breathing and consciousness

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16
Q

hypothalamus

A

temp reg
eating
hormones

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17
Q

ischemic stroke

A

85%
lack of blood supply to an area of the brain without bleeding

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18
Q

thrombolytic stroke

A

stuttering or progressive course

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19
Q

embolytic stroke

A

abrupt onset cardiogenic max deficit at onset

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20
Q

global ischemia

A

lacunar infarcts
occlusion of single deep artery rapid TIA
watershed infarcts 10%

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21
Q

hemorrhagic

A

15%
bleeding from rupture of a cerebral artery
HTN AV malformation

subarahnoid
intercerebral - traumatic

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22
Q

other causes of hemorrhagic

A

hypercoagulative states
vasculitis
arterial dissection
drugs
infections
headaches, neck pain, light intol, nausea, vomiting

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23
Q

middle cerebral artery

A

hemiplegia of the contralateral side, affecting lower part of face arm and hand

contralateral sensory loss
contralateral homonymous hemianopia

dysphagia

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24
Q

anterior cerebral artery

A

contralateral leg weakness and sensory loss

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25
Q

post cerebral artery

A

visual deficits
contralateral homonymous hemianopia
MCA stroke

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26
Q

blood brain barrier

A

tight junctions

passage of oxygen and glucose

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27
Q

glial cells

A

do not participate in transmission of electrical signals

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28
Q

CNS glial cells

A

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
ependymal
microglia

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29
Q

PNS glial cells

A

schwann
satellite

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30
Q

which cells form myelin sheaths

A

oligodendrocytes
schwann

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31
Q

ganglion

A

collections of neurons in PNS
(basal ganglia in CNS)

32
Q

dorsal root

A

brings afferent info into cord

sensory neurons enter

33
Q

ventral root

A

carries efferent info away from cord

motor neurons leave

34
Q

myelin role

A

add structure and insulation on neuron axons to speed up signal transmission

35
Q

saltatory conduction

A

action potential leaps from one node to the next

increase velocity

36
Q

spatial summation

A

simultaneous stimulation by several presynaptic neurons

37
Q

temporal summation

A

high frequency stimulation by one presynaptic neuron

38
Q

receptor adaptation

A

decline in AP generation with a constant stimulus

constant environmental stimuli- ignored to avoid overwhelming

39
Q

rapidly adapting receptors

A

useful in situations where rate of change of stimulus is important

-tension of working muscle

40
Q

slowly adapting receptors

A

useful when info about a sustained stimulus is important

-application of pressure

41
Q

upper motor neuron disease

lesion, tone, muscle weakness, DTR, plantar response, fasciculation, wasting

A

lesion- above anterior horn, or above nuclei of CN

tone- increased, spasticity

muscle weakness- all muscle groups of lower limb- flexor

DTR- increased

plantar- extensor upgoing toe

fasciculation- absent

wasting- late- disuse

42
Q

lower motor neuron disease

lesion, tone, muscle weakness, DTR, plantar response, fasciculation, wasting

A

lesion- anterior horn, motor nerve fiber, or NMJ

tone- reduced

muscle weakness- more distally, flexors and extensors

DTR- reduced or absent

plantar- normal or absent

fasciculation- may be present in anterior horn cell lesions

wasting- usually present

43
Q

medulla oblongata

A

controls breathing, blood pressure, swallowing

44
Q

right side of brain

A

spatial skills

45
Q

left side of brain

A

language verbal

46
Q

wernickes area

A

receptive aphasia

unable to understand

nonsense speech

47
Q

brocas area

A

expressive aphasia

difficulty speaking
write normal

can follow simple step but cannot integrate sentences

48
Q

photoreceptors

A

light

49
Q

mechanicorecptors

A

mechanical stimuli

50
Q

thermoreceptors

A

heat

51
Q

chemoreceptors

A

chemical composition

52
Q

nociceptors

A

pain

53
Q

deep receptors in muscles

A

GTO muscle spindle

54
Q

types of mechanoreceptors

A

meissners corpuscles- light touch
free nerve endings- touch, pressure, pain
merkels disc- pressure
ruffinis end organ- stretch of skin
pacinian corpuscle- vibration in skin

55
Q

lesions above C4

A

can be life threatening

paralysis of inspiratory muscles

artificial ventilation due to loss of phrenic nerve

56
Q

lesions at C5 through T12

A

loss of innervation of muscles of expiration

57
Q

encephalitis

A

viral
infiltration of lymphocytes
herpes- temporal lobe

58
Q

myelitis

A

spinal cord
viral

59
Q

meningitis

A

viral
associated with encephalitis
spinal tap of CSF — lymphocytosis

60
Q

alzheimers info

A

chronic progressive
degenerative condition
etiology unknown

61
Q

alzheimers pathology

A

cerebral cortex
hippocampus
amygdala

atrophy
progressive accumulation of amyloid beta peptides and tau protein

neurofibrillary tangles
senile plaques

62
Q

early symptoms alzheimer’s

A

psychological changes
personality changes
first symptom- loss ability to learn new info
lose judgement and safety while driving
visuospatial deficits
math issues
language declines
apraxia
alexia
agraphia

63
Q

late stages alzheimer’s

A

lose smell and taste
decrease appetite

loss of function with decrease brain cells

ataxia - lack of muscular coordination

genitourinary system- incontinence

delusions
agitation
sleep disorders

64
Q

terminal phase alzeimers

A

sleep and stare vacantly

cant feed

mortality
- dehydration, infection, pnemonia

65
Q

apraxia

A

loss of ability to execute learned movements

66
Q

alexia

A

cant read

67
Q

agraphia

A

cant write

68
Q

parkinsons

A

subcortical neurodegenerative disorder
unknown cause

decreased number of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra (basal nuclei)

69
Q

parkinson’s clinical manifestations

A

disturbances of movement
unstable gait

tremor- twitching of muscles
resting tremor and increased with stress

rigidity
bradykinesia
postural instability
diff swallowing
dementia
depression

70
Q

motor neuron path

A

start at anterior horn of the spinal cord

leave the spinal cord by the spinal root
-Large- alpha motor neurons
-Smaller- gamma motor neurons

Innervate a muscle
-Alpha motor neurons innervate, extrafusal muscle fibers
-Gamma motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle fibers

71
Q

guillian barre syndrome

A

males more affected all ages

autoimmune
recent infection
asymmetric motor weakness
sensory motor impairments

weakness - UES, trunk, facial, extraocular, respiratory

ANS- tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, changes in bp

72
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

auto immune genetic origin

20 to 45 years old
Females two:one men

73
Q

Multiple sclerosis symptoms

A

sensory abnormalities, loss of sense of touch, tingling blurred vision

Motor abnormalities, muscle weakness, instigate in coordination of movements, sphincter abnormalities, urinary incontinence

74
Q

Stroke, fast acronym

A

Face
Arms difficulty raising
Speech
Timing within three hours thromboplastin injection

75
Q

Babinski sign

A

occurs when stimulation of the lateral plantar aspect of the foot leads to dorsiflexion

positive - you have an underlying nervous system her brain condition

Physiology Test 3 (3 decks)

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