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Physiology Test 3 > Muscle > Flashcards

Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

epimysium

A

connective tissue that encloses a muscle group
wraps entire muscle belly

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2
Q

perimysium

A

wraps around a group of fibers called muscle fasicle

thin connective tissue septae from epimysium encloses groups of muscle fibers (fasicles)

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3
Q

endomysium

A

septae within each fascicle
has basement membrane in each muscle fiber

wraps around individual muscle fibers

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4
Q

unipennate

A

looks like half a feather

Many forearm muscles

First and second lumbricals

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5
Q

fusiform

A

fibers basically run parallel to the tendon

low pennation angle results in most of the contractile force been transmitted through the tendon

biceps brachii

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6
Q

pennate

A

fibers oriented obliquely to the tendon

Less of the contractile force is transmitted through the tendon

Pennate muscles tend to produce greater max force, than fusiform muscles of equal volume because pennate muscles can fit more fibers into a given length of muscle

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7
Q

Bipennate

A

Looks like a feather

Dorsal interosseous
rectus femoris

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8
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

neural impulses from the primary motor cortex via this tract

From brain to the alpha motor neuron

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9
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Nerve and muscle separated by this narrow space

Acetylcholine, which is a neurotransmitter is released in this space
-binds to the receptors on cell surface— membrane depolarization, and starts contraction

cholinesterase is it a enzyme that removes acetylcholine from muscle receptors
-Repolarization of cell membrane and relaxation

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10
Q

Motor unit

A

all muscles innervated by a single neuron

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11
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

Affects antibodies

block, alters, or destroys the receptors for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction

It prevents muscle from contracting

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12
Q

symptoms of myasthenia gravis

A

Weakness of the eye muscles

Changes in facial expressions

Difficulty swallowing

Shortness of breath

Impaired speech, dysarthria

Weakness in the arms, hands, fingers, legs and neck

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13
Q

motor endplate

A

Postsynaptic region of the muscle cell

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14
Q

Type one muscle fiber

A

slow twitch
Postural muscles
elite endurance athletes

small
High in myoglobin
Red

Recruited first, Don’t use a lot of energy

Slow peak to contraction
fatigue resistance

High capillaries
High mitochondria
train 100 reps

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15
Q

type 2A muscle fiber

A

fast
White or pale

FOG
Faster generation of force
Oxidative glycolytic

anaerobic
Moderate mitochondria
low myoglobin
8 to 10 reps 400 m, 800 m

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16
Q

type 2X

A

fast twitch glycolytic FG

Low myoglobin
White fibers
Power, weightlifters, and sprinters
One rep max

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17
Q

functional unit of a skeletal muscle

A

Sarcomere

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18
Q

What are arranged in sarcomeres?

A

Myofibrils

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19
Q

sarcomeres contain what

A

Actinin
Actin
Myosin

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20
Q

actinin

A

major constituent of z band

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21
Q

actin

A

Thin filament

22
Q

Myosin

A

Thick filament

23
Q

Conduction of electrical signals

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum to the t tubules (which are intracellular storage of calcium used in muscle contraction)

24
Q

sarcomere

A

2 z lines and the filaments between them

25
Q

z discs

A

Protein structures that serve as attachment site for the thin filaments

26
Q

I bands

A

Region occupied by the thin filaments

27
Q

A bands

A

Entire length of a thick filaments

28
Q

h zone

A

Central region of the A band, occupied by thick filaments only

29
Q

m line

A

Proteins that form the attachment sites for thick filaments

30
Q

Propagation of the action potential is from

A

the surface into the deep fibers via the transverse T tubules

31
Q

release of calcium in close proximity to the individual myofibrils means

A

contraction
An excitation contraction coupling

32
Q

calcium binds to

A

Troponin

and there is a shift in the troponin tropomyosin complex
Which then exposes the myosin binding sites on Actin

33
Q

after myosin binds to the actin site

A

Therell be a power stroke, resulting in contraction as the actin filaments slide towards each other
this process will continue until the action potential ceases

34
Q

Which protein covers the binding site on actin during the resting state of a muscle

A

Tropomyosin

35
Q

which lab test indicates muscle breakdown?

A

High CK or CPK
Creatine phosphokinase

36
Q

which lab test indicates the problem is immune based

A

High levels of ANA
anti-nuclear antibodies

37
Q

Which lab test indicates rheumatic disease?

A

Rh factor

38
Q

which lab test indicates there is inflammation

A

C reactive protein
Even in the absence of muscle breakdown

39
Q

Acquired myopathies

A

Hormonal-thyroid
Auto immune- RA myopathy, related to rheumatic joint disease
Cancer myopathy- paraneoplastic syndrome produces a NASA weakness called peroneoplastic myopathy
Metabolic-diabetes; diabetic myopathy, insulin deficient, or resistant vascular or neural affecting the peripheral nerves

40
Q

Infectious Myositis

A

rare complicated wounds

Pyogenic bacteria
Anaerobic bacteria
Viruses
Protozoa
Worms

41
Q

pyogenic bacteria

A

Infectious myositis

Blood-borne to form abscess

Staph sepsis

42
Q

anaerobic bacteria

A

Infectious myositis

Necrosis of muscle fascia gas gangrene
clostridium perfringens tetanus toxin

spastic contractions of muscles

43
Q

Viruses

A

infectious myositis

Myalgia

Cell invasion or inflammatory reaction

44
Q

immune myositis

A

Polymyositis
dermatomyositis
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sarcoidosis

45
Q

worms

A

Infectious myositis

Trichinella

Raw pork
Worms, invades muscle

46
Q

polymyositis

A

immune myositis
Limited to muscles

pain and muscle weakness
Difficulty moving
Proximal extremities more involved

47
Q

Dermatomyositis

A

Immune myositis
muscles and skin

48
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

Immune myositis

Deposition of immune complexes

49
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

immune myositis

Formation of granuloma
Type four hypersensitivity reaction

50
Q

pathology of polymyositis

A

chronic inflammation of muscle

Lymphocyte in macrophage infiltration
Necrosis and loss of muscle fibers

in systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatomyositis inflammation reaction closer to the vessels

51
Q

lab results for polymyositis

A

high
CK level
ANA
EMG

Myopathic changes
Biopsy diagnostic

Physiology Test 3 (3 decks)

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