Nervous System

Question 1

What two systems coordinate other organ systems to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 1

Nervous and endocrine

Question 2

Between Nervous and Endocrine, which one is the fast and short acting?

Answer 2

Nervous

Question 3

3. What are the 3 main functions of the nervous system?

Answer 3

1- Maintaining environment
2- Contains sensory information
3- Coordinates responses

Question 4

What are the 2 anatomical divisions

Answer 4

CNS and PNS

Question 5

Whats the anatomical division that consists of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 5

CNS

Question 6

Whats the atatomical division that consists are all neural tissue besides brain and spinal cord

Answer 6

PNS

Question 7

What are the 2 functional divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 7

Afferent and Efferent

Question 8

What is Afferent?

Answer 8

Sensory receptors that send info to CNS

Question 9

What is Efferent?

Answer 9

Neurons that send info to muscles

Question 10

The efferent division can be further divided into what two systems?

Answer 10

Somatic and Autonomic

Question 11

What is somatic?

Answer 11

It controls the skeletal muscles

Question 12

What is autonomic?

Answer 12

It controls the smooth and cardiac muscles

Question 13

The autonomic system can be divided into what two divisions

Answer 13

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 14

What is sympathetic?

Answer 14

“Fight or Flight”

Question 15

What is parasympathetic?

Answer 15

“Rest and Digest”

Question 16

What is the basic functional unit of the nervous system?

Answer 16

Neuron

Question 17

What are neurons?

Answer 17

Cells that communicate with one another and other cells

Question 18

Which part of the neuron receives signals?

Answer 18

Dendrites

Question 19

Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus and organelles?

Answer 19

Cell Body

Question 20

Which part of the neuron carries signals to the next cell?

Answer 20

Axon

Question 21

Which part of the neuron has bulb shape endings that form a synapse?

Answer 21

Axon Terminals

Question 22

Which part of the neuron has a thickened region of cell body where AP begins?

Answer 22

Axon Hillock

Question 23

This part of the neuron contains free ribosomes and RER that form _____ ______ and give tissue a gray color.

Answer 23

Nissl Bodies

Question 24

What are the three structural classifications of neurons?

Answer 24

Mulipolar, Unipolar, and Bipolar

Question 25

What is a Multipolar neuron?

Answer 25

It's the most common in CNS, have two or more dendrites and one axon

Question 26

What is a Unipolar neuron?

Answer 26

They have have the cell body off to the side, most abundant in afferent division, dendrite and axon are continuous

Question 27

What is a Bipolar neuron?

Answer 27

Its rare, and it has one dendrite and one axon with cell body in the middle

Question 28

What type of neuron receives information form sensory receptors?

Answer 28

Sensory neuron

Question 29

What type of neuron carries information to peripheral targets called effectors?

Answer 29

Efferent Neurons

Question 30

What is another name for Efferent neurons?

Answer 30

Motor Neurons

Question 31

What type of neurons are located in the CNS, and function as links between sensory and motor processes?

Answer 31

Interneurons

Question 32

What are the supportive cells that make up about half of all neural tissue in both the CNS and PNS?

Answer 32

Neuroglial Cells

Question 33

Can Neuroglial cells divide/ regenerate?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

Can neurons divide/ regenerate?

Answer 34

Neurons do not contain centrioles, which are necessary for cell division. Therefore, they can't divide or regenerate.

Question 35

Whats the substance produced by some glial cells that insulates axons and speeds up the rate of nerve impulses?

Answer 35

Myelin

Question 36

Whats the difference between white and gray matter in the CNS?

Answer 36

White = myelinated axons Gray = unmyelinated axons and cell bodies

Question 37

What are the type of glial cells in PNS that wrap around axons and produce myelin?

Answer 37

Schwann cells

Question 38

What are the gaps between adjacent Schwann cells that speed up action potential?

Answer 38

Nodes of Ranvier

Question 39

What are bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination and function called?

Answer 39

Tracts

Question 40

What is he resting potential of a neuron?

Answer 40

-70mv

Question 41

Which type of conduction is faster saltatory or continuous conduction?

Answer 41

Saltatory- because it is myelinated, and the impulse can “leap” from node to node

Question 42

What happens when the sodium gated channels open in the membrane or a resting neuron?

Answer 42

It results in Depolarization

Question 43

What happens when the potassium gated channels open, and the sodium gated channels close?

Answer 43

It results in Repolarization

Question 44

What is the refractory period?

Answer 44

Its the period when no other action potential can occur

Question 45

What are the steps involved with an action potential?

Answer 45

Depolarization, Activation, Inactivation, and Closing of the PGC

Question 46

Which ion is needed to trigger the release of acetylcholine, into the synaptic membrane?

Answer 46

Calcium

Question 47

What are the specialized membranes that protect the brain and the spinal cord?

Answer 47

The menininges

Question 48

Which layer is in direct contact with the brain?

Answer 48

Pia Matter

Question 49

What is the tough outer covering consisting of 2 layers fused to the periosteum of the skull?

Answer 49

Dura Matter

Question 50

What is the middle layer that consists of a web of collagen fibers and contains CSF?

Answer 50

Arachnoid

Question 51

Depression can be caused by an imbalance of what 2 neurotransmitters?

Answer 51

Serotonin and Norepinephrine

Question 52

Whats the fluid that floats the brain and transports nutrients, chemicals and wastes?

Answer 52

CSF

Question 53

What enzyme breaks down ACh?

Answer 53

AChE

Question 54

Whats the number of spinal nerves or segments?

Answer 54

31

Question 55

What are the projections of gray matter extending through/into the white matter are called?

Answer 55

Horns

Question 56

Why are spinal nerves considered “mixed”?

Answer 56

Because they contain both sensory and motor neurons

Question 57

Which spinal cord structures contains the axons of CNS motor neurons that control effectors?

Answer 57

Ventral Roots

Question 58

What would happen if the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is severed?

Answer 58

Incoming sensory information would be disrupted

Question 59

What are the six major regions of the brain?

Answer 59

Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata, and Cerebellum

Question 60

What system establishes emotional states?

Answer 60

Limbic System

Question 61

What is the outer gray matter of the cerebrum called?

Answer 61

Cerebral Cortex

Question 62

What increases the surface area of the cerebrum?

Answer 62

Gyri (folds) and sulci (depressions)

Question 63

What separates the left and right hemispheres?

Answer 63

Longitudinal fissure

Question 64

What divides the frontal and parietal lobes?

Answer 64

Central sulcus

Question 65

What is the lobe associated with vision?

Answer 65

Occipital

Question 66

What is the lobe associated with hearing and smell?

Answer 66

Temporal

Question 67

The thalamus is the largest portion of what major brain region?

Answer 67

Diencephalon

Question 68

Which part of brain that adjusts voluntary and involuntary motor activities, plays are role in learning and remembering motor responses?

Answer 68

Cerebellum

Question 69

What 3 parts make up the brain stem?

Answer 69

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 70

Which part functions as homeostatic control center?

Answer 70

Hypothalamus ## Footnote hormones

Question 71

Which region of the brain that is involved with conscious thought and intellectual function?

Answer 71

Cerebrum

Question 72

Which part coordinates info from entire cortex, damage to this area can lead to problems estimating timelines?

Answer 72

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 73

What are the parts of a reflex arc?

Answer 73

Receptor- Sensory Neuron- Interneuron- Motor Neuron- Effector

Question 74

Moving your hand from a hot stove is an example of what type of reflex?

Answer 74

Complex/ Polysynaptic/ Withdraw

Question 75

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

Answer 75

12

Question 76

The olfactory nerve is a sensory nerve and its function is?

Answer 76

Smell

Question 77

The optic nerve is a sensory nerve and its function is?

Answer 77

Sight

Question 78

What is the structure of the cerebrum?

Answer 78

Divided in to paired cerebral hemispheres

Question 79

Whats the structure of the diencephalon?

Answer 79

hypothalamus (homeostasis and hormone production),

Question 80

Whats the structure of the midbrain?

Answer 80

Part of brainstem

Question 81

Whats the structure of the Medulla Oblongata?

Answer 81

Part of brainstem, segment of brain attached to spinal cord

Question 82

Whats the structure of the pons

Answer 82

Part of brainstem, “bridge’ between brainstem and cerebellum, and controls breathing

Question 83

Whats the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 83

memory

Question 84

Whats the function of the frontal lobe?

Answer 84

Speech, motor cortex, executive decisions “boss”

Question 85

Whats the function of the perietal lobe?

Answer 85

Reading, speech, taste, sensation of environment

Question 86

Whats the function of the temporal lobe?

Answer 86

Hearing, language, memory

Question 87

Whats the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 87

Vision