Nervous System

Question 1

Types of hierarchies in the NS

Answer 1

Sensory-Perceptual and Motor Control

Question 2

Sensory-Perceptual Heirarchy

Answer 2

Involved in Data Processing. Get info and determine what to do with it

Question 3

Motor control hierarchy

Answer 3

involved in control of movement

Question 4

Depolarization

Answer 4

When Na+ has entered the soma and can no longer come in, K+ ions are now leaving. DP causes AP to move along axon

Question 5

Hyperpolarization

Answer 5

Occurs when an AP is inhibited, makes it hard for AP to occur

Question 6

Electroencephalogram

Answer 6

hooking electrodes onto the brain to study it

Question 7

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 7

using magnetic stimulation to cause inhibit brain function

Question 8

Cranial Nerve

Answer 8

Project Directly from the brain

Question 9

Spinal Nerves

Answer 9

Project from the spinal cord.

Question 10

Somatosensory

Answer 10

Sensations that are conveyed via input, which include touch and pain

Question 11

How are all behaviors expressed/expressed

Answer 11

Via motor neurons

Question 12

Classes of the motor system

Answer 12

Skeletal and Autonomic

Question 13

Skeletal motor system

Answer 13

we can control these. Nurons act on skeletal muscles

Question 14

Autonomic

Answer 14

The systems that make up the autonomic system oppose each other. You do not control it

Question 15

Sympathetic

Answer 15

Fight or flight

Question 16

Parasympathetic

Answer 16

Rest and Regeneration (encourage digestion and sleep)

Question 17

Function of Spinal Cord

Answer 17

Connects spinal nerves to the brain and organizes simple reflexes.

Question 18

Ascending Spinal Tracts

Answer 18

Spinal nerves to the brain

Question 19

Descending Spinal tracts

Answer 19

carry motor neuron commands down from the brain to the muscles

Question 20

The parts of the brainstem

Answer 20

Medulla, Pons, Midbrain

Question 21

Brainstem

Answer 21

It is the site of entry of spinal nerve and most cranial nerves. It’s for balance and vital reflexes (breathing), walking, copulating. Like a machine

Question 22

Thalamus

Answer 22

Important for arousal of the brain. Relay station for the brain

Question 23

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

Answer 23

Damage to both greatly interfere with a person’s ability to produce learned, skilled, well-coordinated movements.

Question 24

Basal Ganglia

Answer 24

controls accuracy of muscle movement

Question 25

Cerebellum

Answer 25

Good for ballistic movement (like playing instrument). Too fast for feedback

Question 26

Limbic System

Answer 26

Basic drives and emotions. Consists of amygdala, hyppocampus, hypothalamus

Question 27

Hypocampus

Answer 27

Crucial for keeping track of spatial location and for endcoding certain kinds of memories

Question 28

Hypothalamus

Answer 28

Good for homeostasis within the body. It regulates the internal environment of the body.

Question 29

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 29

Lots of surface area because of the folds, made up of four areas. Occipital, temporal, parietal, frontal

Question 30

Three functional regions of the cortex

Answer 30

Primary sensory areas, primary motor (send signals away), association areas (for perception, judgement, decision making).

Question 31

Proportional Organization

Answer 31

Areas that are adjacent to each other have similar functions because they are connected. You get the humunculi if you draw out what is the most sensitive areas.

Question 32

Damage to basal ganglia causes

Answer 32

Dystonia

Question 33

What connects the two hemispheres of the brain together?

Answer 33

The corpus callosum

Question 34

What side of the brain process what for the side of the body

Answer 34

The left does right body, the right does left

Question 35

What is the left side of the brain specialized for?

Answer 35

Language

Question 36

What is the right side of the brain specialized for?

Answer 36

Nonverbal, visiospatial analysis of information

Question 37

Damage to the left side

Answer 37

Using and analyzing language more difficult

Question 38

Damage to the right

Answer 38

Makes it difficult to recognize faces, maps, drawing shapes

Question 39

A common treatment for epilepsy

Answer 39

Cutting the corpus callosum

Question 40

Any loss of language function resulting from brain damage is called

Answer 40

Aphasia

Question 41

Broca's aphasia

Answer 41

Speech is labored. They understand what they hear, they speak in a small amount of words.

Question 42

Broca's area

Answer 42

Important for articulating words and sentences and transforming complex sentences into simpler sentences to extract meaning

Question 43

Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 43

Hard to understand and articulate words. Heavy use of pronouns and nonsense substitutes, so it's crucial in translating sounds of words into their meanings and in locating words

Question 44

Enriched environment makes the brain grow

Answer 44

Vs that of non enriched. They did this with rats. So if you use it then it will grow

Question 45

How do blind or deaf people have enhanced abilities

Answer 45

More neurons in the brain are recruited into the performance of a skill

Question 46

What organism demonstrates Hebbian synpase?

Answer 46

Aplysia californica (Sea hair) | electrical stimulation of a neuron

Question 47

Hebbian synapse?

Answer 47

Neurons that fire together, wire together. Perhaps a basis for classical conditioning. Done via new receptor sites

Question 48

Long term potentiation

Answer 48

Learning causes changes in synaptic efficacy

Question 49

Dr Walter Freeman

Answer 49

Lobotomy

Question 50

Where do hormones travel in?

Answer 50

Circulatory system

Question 51

Where do neurotransmitters travel in?

Answer 51

synpatic cleft

Question 52

Types of chemical signaling

Answer 52

Neural communication, Neurohormonal communication, Hormonal

Question 53

Neural Communication

Answer 53

(neurotransmitters),

Question 54

Neurahormonal

Answer 54

(blood neurotransmitter that acts on glands to produce hormones)

Question 55

Hormones

Answer 55

(released by glands that can have long term effects(testosterone in male fetus) or short term (andrenaline)), effects on growth, metabolic processes.

Question 56

Pituitary Gland

Answer 56

The master endocrine gland, it stimulates the production of hormones in the entire body. The brain controls it with neurohormones.

Question 57

Transmission of information to the nervous system involves what two processes?

Answer 57

Electrical Action potential, chemical synaptic transmission

Question 58

How do drugs affect the nervous system?

Answer 58

These exogenous drugs act as agonists or antagonists on the post synaptic cleft

Question 59

Agonists

Answer 59

enhance the effect of an endogenous transmitter

Question 60

antagonists

Answer 60

Inhibit or block the effect of a neurotransmitter.

Question 61

Drugs have to be fat soluble to get through the

Answer 61

blood brain barrier

Question 62

Drugs that affect dopamine

Answer 62

Cocaine, blocks the reuptake of dopamine from the synaptic cleft (presynaptic membrane reuptake)

Question 63

Drugs that effect receptors

Answer 63

Opiates, promote receptor activation