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Year 2 OCR A-Level Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are nerves

A

They detect changes in our environment (stimuli) through cells called receptors

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2
Q

What are receptors

A

Things sensitive to things such as light, pressure and chemicals in the air

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3
Q

Examples of receptors

A

Chemoreceptors
Thermoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors

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4
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect

A

Chemicals

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5
Q

What do thermoreceptors detect

A

Heat

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6
Q

What do mechanoreceptors detect

A

Pressure

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7
Q

What do photoreceptors detect

A

Detective light

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8
Q

What is a pancinian corpuscles

A

Type of mechanoreceptor

Respond to changes in pressure

Found deep in skin in feet, fingers. External genitalia and in our joints

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9
Q

What is a neurone

A

A cell which carry’s Information to and from the central nervous system in the form of electrical impulses called action potentials

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of neurones and the order they are in

A

Sensory

Relay

Motor

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11
Q

Where are the neurones used in the stimulus - response system

A

Stimulus

Receptor
— SENSORY NEURONE
Coordinator — RELAY NEURONE
— MOTOR NEURONE
Effectors

Response

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12
Q

What is the Axon of a neurone

A

Long process carries impulses (action potential) away from cell body, often over a long distance

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13
Q

What is the cell surface membrane of a neurone

A

Gated ion channels controlling movement of Na+ K+ ions

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14
Q

What is the cell body of a neurone

A

Contains the nucleus, many mitochondria and ribosomes

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15
Q

What is the dendrites in the neurones

A

Small processes connecting to other neurones carrying nerve impulses towards the cell body

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16
Q

What is the Schwann cells in the neurone

A

Wrap around the axon of 30% of sensory and motor neurones, these cells form a fatty insulating layer of myelin

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17
Q

What is the myelin sheath in the neurone

A

Insulates so prevents ion movement resulting in increase speed of conduction as impulse ‘jumps’

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18
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier in the neurone

A

Short gaps ( about 2-3mm long ) between the Schwann cells occur every 1-3 mm, non myelinated

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19
Q

What is action potential

A

When a stimulus is detected by a sensory receptor, the energy of the stimulus temporarily reverses the charges on the axon membrane .

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20
Q

What does the resting potential of the axon membrane look like

A

+++++++++. Positive charge
___________
————— Negative charge
___________
+++++++++ positive charge

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21
Q

What are the Oder of the process in action potential

A

Depolarisation

Repolarisation

Hyperpolarisation

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22
Q

Explain depolarisation in action potential

A

Sodium voltage gated channels open and Na+ rush in causing more sodium gates to open changing the charge from negative to positive reaching +40mV . This is known as generator potential.

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23
Q

Explain Repolarisation in action potential

A

Sodium voltage gated channels have shut and Voltage gated potassium ion channels open and k+ diffuse out

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24
Q

Explain Hyperpolarisation in action potential

A

There’s an overshoot in membrane potential as to much K+ leave.
Sodium-Potassium pump open to allow membrane to return to its resting potential. (Sodium leave and potassium move in)

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25
Q

What is a synapse

A

A connection between adjacent neurones

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26
Q

What are the 2 types of synapses ( you only need to know one )

A

Chemical

Electrical ( don’t need to know )

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27
Q

What is the cholinergic synapse

A

A neurotransmitter

ACh ( acetylcholine )

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28
Q

What is the enzyme that hydrolysis ACh and is found in the cleft in a synapse called

A

Acetylcholinesterase

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29
Q

How does transmission occur across a chemical synapse ( detailed )

A

1 Action potential arrives at the end of the presynaptic membrane

2 Calcium ion channels in the synaptic knob open

3 Calcium ions enter the synaptic knob

4 Synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter fuse with the presynaptic membrane

5 Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft

6 Acetylcholine fuses with receptor sites on the sodium ion channel

7 There is an influx of sodium ions into the postsynaptic neurone down a concentration gradient triggering a new action potential

8 Acetylcholinesterase hydrolyses acetylcholine into choline and ethanoic acid which diffuses back into the presynaptic neurone

9 ATP released by mitochondria recombine choline and ethanoic acid into acetylcholine which is stored in synaptic vesicles for future use

10 Sodium ion Channels close

30
Q

What does unidirectionally mean in synapses

A

Nerve impulses travel in one direction

Vesicles in presynaptic neurone only ( receptors on postsynaptic)

31
Q

Summation , temporal and spatial in synapses

A

Temporal = time

Spatial = more than one neurone

32
Q

Inhibition in synapses

A

Some pre-synaptic neurones can produce inhibitory post synaptic potentials

Prevent an action potential in the post synaptic neurone or reduce the effect of summation

33
Q

Habituation in synapses

A

Synapse fatigue

No neurotransmitter available after repeated stimulation so neurone can no longer respond to a stimulus (why we get used to a smell or background noise)

34
Q

What are sensory receptors

A

Groups of specialised cells which detect changes in the environment

35
Q

Where are sensory receptors often located

A

Ear , eye , skin, nose , tongue

36
Q

How do sensory receptors briefly work

A

They convert the stimulus detected into a nerve impulse .

The info is then passed through the nervous system to the central nervous system (CNS)

The brain then coordinates the required response and sends an impulse to an effector to get the desired response.

37
Q

2 features of a sensory receptor

A

Are specific to a single type of stimulus

They act as a transducer- they convert a stimulus into a nerve impulse

38
Q

What type of specific receptor is found in the skin and what’s it stimulus

A

Skin = mechanoreceptor(pacinian corpuscle) = pressure

39
Q

What type of specific receptor is found in the nose and what’s it stimulus

A

Nose= chemoreceptor ( olfactory receptor) = chemicals

40
Q

What type of specific receptor is found in the tongue and what’s it stimulus

A

Tongue= thermoreceptor (end bulbs of Krause) = heat

41
Q

What type of specific receptor is found in the eye and what’s it stimulus

A

Eye= photoreceptor (cone cell) = light

42
Q

What is a pacinian corpuscle and where is it located

A

A specific sensory receptor

Detect mechanical pressure

Mainly located deep within your skin in the fingers and soles of the feet . Also found within joints (so you know which joints are changing direction.

43
Q

Brief idea of how the pacinain corpse works

A

Has special sodium channel called a stretch-mediated sodium channel.

When channel changes shape, their permeability to sodium also changes .

44
Q

How a pacinian corpscle converts mechanical pressure into a nervous impulse (detailed)

A

1 In its resting state, the stretch-mediated sodium ion channels in the sensory neurones membrane are too narrow to allow sodium ions to pass through them

2 When pressure is applied to the pacinian corpuscle the corpuscle changes shape. This causes the membrane surrounding its neurone to stretch

3 When the membrane stretches, the sodium ion channels present widen. Sodium ion can now diffuse into the neurone

4 The influx of positive sodium ions changes the potential of the membrane - it becomes depolarised. This results in a generator potential

5 In turn, the generator potential creates an action potential ( a nerve impulse) that passes along the sensory neurone

45
Q

What is the receptor in the nervous system

A

Detects the stimulus and converts the energy of the stimulus into an electrical impulse (acts as a transducer)

46
Q

What is the sensory neurone in the nervous system

A

Carries the nerve impulse from the receptor to the CNS

47
Q

What is the motor neurone in the nervous system

A

Carries the nerve impulse from the CNS to the effectors

48
Q

What is the impulse in the nervous system

A

Mechanism of conducting the action potential along the length of a nerve axon. Wave of depolarisation

49
Q

What is the CNS in the nervous system

A

Central part of the nervous system, consists of the brain and spinal cord

50
Q

What is the PNS in the nervous system

A

The sensory and motor neurones connecting the sensory receptors and effectors to the CNS

51
Q

What is the Autonomic nervous system

A

Division of the nervous system that coordinates internal organs, smooth muscle and glands - involuntary body functions

52
Q

What is the Somatic nervous system

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), coordinates voluntary control of skeletal muscles

53
Q

What is the Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that relaxes your body

54
Q

What is the Sympathetic nervous system

A

Branch of the autonomic nervous system that stimulates the body e.g. fight or flight response

55
Q

What is the cerebral cortex in the brain

A

Sensory information such as vision , smell and hearing processed here. Higher cognitive functions

56
Q

What is the hypothalamus in the brain

A

Homeostasis: control of body temperature and osmoregulation . Secretes hormones

57
Q

What is pituitary Gland in the brain

A

Produced hormones that control growth, sexual development and metabolism

58
Q

What is the cerebellum in the brain

A

Fine motor control, posture and balance

59
Q

What is the medulla oblongata

A

Controlled breathing , heart rate and blood pressure ; reflex actions such as vomiting and sneezing

60
Q

What is the corpus callosum in the brain

A

Connects the left and right hemisphere to coordinate information

61
Q

What are the steps between the stimulus and response for a reflex

A

Receptor - detects stimulus and creates an action potential in the sensory neurone

Sensory neurone - carries impulse to spinal cord

Relay neurone - connects the sensory neurone to the motor neurone within the spinal cord or brain

Motor neurone - carries impulse to the effector to carry out the appropriate responce

62
Q

What is the spinal cord

A

It is a column of nervous tissue running up the back . It is surrounded by the spine for protection. At intervals along the spinal cord pairs of neurones emerge.

63
Q

What are 4 reflex examples and what type of reflex they are and why

A

Blinking - cranial (brain) reflex , close eyes loud sounds , sudden movements close to eye

Corneal - cranial (brain) reflex , object touching eye

Optical - cranial (brain) reflex , sudden bright light

Knee jerk - spinal reflex , coordination, balance

64
Q

How does the coordination of fight or flight work

A

1 sensory centres in the cerebrum process these sensory inputs

2 signals are passed to the association centres

3 The cerebrum stimulates the hypothalamus if the threat is recognised

4 the hypothalamus increases activity of the sympathetic nervous system stimulating release of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland.

65
Q

How many beats does the human heart do aprox per minute at rest

A

70 beats p m

66
Q

What is the heart rate controlled by

A

Autonomic nervous system/ medulla oblongata

67
Q

How does the medulla control the heart rate

A

It is linked to the SA node by motor neurones

68
Q

There are 2 receptors in the blood which detect changes to increase or decrease heart rate what are the receptors called and what to they detect

A

Baroreceptors - blood pressure

Chemoreceptors - CO2 concentration

69
Q

What is the SAN

A

SA node

A pacemaker

Sends a wave of electrical activity over atrial walls so that both atria contract at same time

70
Q

What is the AVN

A

AV node

Causes ventricles to contract from both up by sending impulses through purkyne fibres (bundle of His)

Year 2 OCR A-Level Biology (4 decks)

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