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Year 2 OCR A-Level Biology > Module 5 - respiration, ATP production > Flashcards

Module 5 - respiration, ATP production Flashcards

-Glycolysis -Link reaction -Krebs cycle -Oxidative phosphorylation

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1
Q

why do organisms need energy? 7

A

-photosynthesis
-movement, muscle contractions
-organelle movement
-metabolic process
-DNA replication
-bulk movement
-activation

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2
Q

what does MAMBA stand for (what ATP is used for)

A

M ovement
A ctive transport
M etabolism
B ulk movement
A ctivation

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3
Q

what’s ATP full scientific name

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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4
Q

what is ATP made up of (3/4)

A

adenine
ribose
3 phosphates
(high energy bonds)

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5
Q

similarities between ATP and DNA nucleotide (3)

A

-both have ribose
-Both have phosphates
-both have a nitrogenous base

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6
Q

differences between ATP and DNA nucleotide (2)

A

-ATP has 3 phosphates and DNA has 1
-only one base in ATP

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7
Q

what are the 3 synthesis of ATP methods

A

-substrate level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation
-Photophosphorylation

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8
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation

A

when a phosphate group is directly transferred from one molecule to another

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9
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

where energy carried by electrons from reduced coenzyme is used to make ATP

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10
Q

what is photophosphorylation

A

when phosphate is added to a molecule using light

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11
Q

word equation for respiration (animals)

A

glucose + oxygen=carbon dioxide=water=energy

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12
Q

how many KJ of energy are released in making the 1st phosphate for ATP

A

30.6

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13
Q

how many KJ of energy are released in making the 2nd phosphate for ATP

A

30.6

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14
Q

how many KJ of energy are released in making the 3rd phosphate for ATP

A

14.2

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15
Q

Features of the Matrix (5)

A

-enzymes for link and krebs
-substrates for link and krebs
-Molecules of coenzymes NAD
-mitochondrial DNA
-Mitochondrial ribosomes

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16
Q

What is glycolysis (3)

A

-takes place in the cytoplasm and involves the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules
-doesn’t need oxygen
-little energy released, most in pyruvate

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17
Q

what are the 5 different products made at each stage in glycolysis

A

-glucose (6c)
-glucose phosphate (6c)
-hexose bisphosphate (6c)
-2 Triose phosphate (3c)
-2 Pyruvate (3c)

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18
Q

what is the NET GAIN in glycolysis

A

-2 ATP
-2 NADH

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19
Q

what are the steps in phosphorylation (step1) (3)

A

-the first step in glycolysis involves the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate using one molecule of ATP
-Glucose phosphate is phosphorylated by another molecule of ATP to hexose bisphosphate (6c)
-Hexose bisphosphate splits into two molecules of triose phosphate (TP)

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20
Q

what are the steps in oxidation (step 2) (2)

A

-The two molecules of TP are oxidised to pyruvate (3C) in a multistep reaction.
-A single TP molecule produces two molecules of ATP and one molecule of reduced NAD (NADH) in this process

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21
Q

What process occurs after the glycolysis reaction

A

Link reaction

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22
Q

What process occurs after the link reaction

A

Krebs Cycle

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23
Q

When does the Krebs cycle happen and where does it occur

A

It’s a chain of reactions that occur in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration

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24
Q

What are the order of products created in glycolysis

A

Glucose
Glucose phosphate
Hexose bisphosphate
2 Triose phosphate
2 pyruvate

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25
Q

What are the order of the products created in the link reaction

A

Pyruvate
Acetyl group + coenzyme A
Acetylcoenzyme A

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26
Q

What are the order of products created in the Krebs cycle + carbons

A

Acetylcoenzyme A 2c
Citrate 6c
5c compound
4c compound
4c compound
4c compound
Oxaloacetate 4c

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27
Q

What reaction creates ATP as a byproduct

A

Substrate level phosphorylation

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28
Q

What reaction creates CO2 as a byproduct

A

Decarboxylation

29
Q

What reaction creates reduced NAD as a byproduct

A

Dehydrogenation

30
Q

what stage is oxidative phosphorylation

A

Final stage

31
Q

Order of stages in Aerobic respiration

A

Glycolysis
Link Reaction
Krebs Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation

32
Q

Does Oxidative Phosphorylation require oxygen

A

yes

33
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

A

inner membrane of mitochondria / cristae

34
Q

what is being produced by oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP , water

35
Q

which molecules from glycolysis, link reaction and the Krebs cycle are needed for the electron transport chain

A

Reduced NAD + FAD

36
Q

what is the electron transport chain made up of

A

cytochromes

37
Q

what enzyme is important in the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation

A

ATP synthase enzyme

38
Q

movement of which ions causes an electrochemical gradient

A

hydrogen

39
Q

what is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation

A

Oxygen

40
Q

What is produced at the end of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation

A

water

41
Q

how many ATP are produced per NAD in oxidative phosphorylation

A

2.5 ATP

42
Q

How many ATP molecules will be generated from one molecule of reduced FAD

A

1.5 ATP

43
Q

Why is some ATP lost during respiration ? (3)

A

For transporting the pyruvate into the mitochondria

For transporting reduced NAD during glycolysis

Some protons ( hydrogen ) may leak during oxidative phosphorylation

44
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration

A

38 aerobic

2 anaerobic

45
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used

A

Only used when oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough

It’s an EMERGENCY measure to keep vital processes functioning

46
Q

What are obligate anaerobes

A

Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

Mostly prokaryotes

E.g. clostridium ( food poisoning bacteria )

47
Q

What are facultative anaerobes

A

Synthesise ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present

Will switch to anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen

E.g. yeast

48
Q

What are obligate aerobes

A

Can only synthesise ATP in the presence of oxygen.

Individual cells can be facultative anaerobes

E.g. mammals

49
Q

What is fermentation basic answer

A

Form of anaerobic respiration

50
Q

What is fermentation , more complex answer (explain )

A

The process where complex inorganic compounds are Brocken down into simpler inorganic compounds without the use of oxygen or the involvement of an electron transport chain

51
Q

What is the process in which yeast respires

A

Ethanol fermentation

52
Q

What is the process in which mammals respire anaerobically

A

Lactate fermentation

53
Q

Hydrogen acceptor in yeast anaerobic respiration

A

Ethanol

54
Q

Hydrogen acceptor in mammals anaerobic respiration

A

Pyruvate

55
Q

Is carbon dioxide produced in yeast anaerobic respiration

A

Yes

56
Q

Is carbon dioxide produced in mammals anaerobic respiration

A

No

57
Q

Is NAD reoxidised in yeast and mammals respiration

A

Yes

58
Q

What’s the end product in yeast anaerobic respiration

A

Ethanol

59
Q

What’s the end product in mammals anaerobic respiration

A

Lactic acid

60
Q

What enzymes are involved in yeast anaerobic respiration

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase

ethanol dehydrogenase

61
Q

What enzyme is involved in mammal anaerobic respiration

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

62
Q

What biological molecules enter the respiration pathway from muscles

A

Glycogen

Glucose

63
Q

What biological molecules enter the respiration pathway from the liver

A

Amino acids

Lactate

64
Q

What biological molecules enter the respiration pathway from the brain

A

Ketone bodies

65
Q

What biological molecules enter the respiration pathway from Adipose tissues

A

Triglycerides

66
Q

What’s the RQ calculation

A

CO2 produced / O2 consumed

67
Q

What’s the RQ for a carbohydrate

A

1.0

68
Q

What’s the RQ for lipids

A

0.7

69
Q

What’s the RQ for proteins

A

0.9

Year 2 OCR A-Level Biology (4 decks)

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