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HISTO LEC MIDTERMS > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q
  • Aka “Vegetative/ Involuntary/Visceral Nervous System”
  • Functional division of the Nervous System
  • Innervates viscera, smooth and cardiac muscles and glands which are all involuntary
  • Divided into Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
A

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

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2
Q

The space between ganglion and capsular cells

A

Perilymphatic space

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3
Q

Three parts of the brainstem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla oblongata
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4
Q

The cell membrane of axon

A

Axolemma

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5
Q
  • Aka Fusiform (Pleomorphic/Polymorphic)
    Cell layer
  • Deepest layer
  • Adjacent to white matter
  • Consists of intermixed cells of raging shapes (spindle- shaped) and sizes (fusiform, granules, stellate, cells of
    Martinotti)
A

Multiform layer

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6
Q
  • Highly vascular innermost layer
  • Made up of mesenchymal cell
  • Gives rise to choroid plexus
A

Pia mater

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7
Q

▪ clusters of neurons in the CNS

▪ Islands of gray matter/ clusters of nerve cell bodies in the CNS sharing a common function

▪ Edinger-Westphal nucleus, red nucleus, etc.

A

Nuclei

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8
Q
  • large sponge-like cavity that surrounds the trabeculae, filled with CSF, forms a hydraulic cushion
    which protects the CNS fromtrauma
  • Connective tissue of the arachnoid is said to be Avascular
  • Arachnoid Villi/Arachnoid Granulation
A

Subarachnoid space

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9
Q

− Synthesize myelin in the CNS

− Correspond to the Schwann cells of the PNS

− Myelin in CNS is rich in glycolipids

− Myelin in PNS is rich in phospholipids

− Classification
1. Interfascicular
▪ In between the fascicles
▪ Located along andin between axons which they myelinate

  1. Satellite
    ▪ Found in the cerebrum and cerebellum

− Myelinate several axons (Schwann cells myelinate one nerve fiber)

A

Oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

The primary
type of cell that most anyone associates with the nervous system. They are responsible for the
computation and communication that the nervous system provides. They are electrically active and release chemical signals to target cells.

A

Neurons

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11
Q

Small, unmyelinated fibers conducting at 0.5 to 2 m/sec (autonomic and
some sensory fibers)

A

Group C fibers

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12
Q
  • ependymal cells + underlying blood vessels of the pia mater
  • CSF production
A

Choroid plexus

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13
Q
  • Phagocytes
  • Macrophages of the CNS
  • Member of the MPS (Mononuclear Phagocytic system)
  • Numerous lysosomes indicative of their phagocytic activity
  • May be involved in AIDS, producing AIDS dementia
A

Microglia

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14
Q

Large fibers that conduct at 15 to 100 meters/seconds (motor and sensory
fibers)

A

Group A fibers

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15
Q

Part of the cerebral peduncle that contain certain nuclei, tracts and decussations

A

Tegmentum

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16
Q
  • Lower most part of brainstem
  • Between pons and spinal cord at foramen magnum
  • Connected to cerebellum by inferior cerebellar peduncle
A

Medulla oblongata

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17
Q
  • CENTER or MIDDLE cerebellum layer
  • Purkinje cells
  • pyriform or pyramidal in shape with ramified dendrites that extend into the molecular
    layer
A

Purkinje layer

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18
Q

Receptor for deep pressure

A

Golgi Mazzoni

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19
Q

 Connects pons and cerebellum to diencephalon

 Shortest and uppermost part of brainstem

 4th ventricle continues with Sylvius aqueduct at midbrain

 Divided by imaginary line passing through aqueduct into ventral (cerebral peduncle) and dorsal (tectum)

A

Midbrain

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20
Q

Expanded part of pons ventrally connecting cerebrum and cerebellum via middle cerebellar
peduncle-3 parts

A

Basis pontis

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21
Q

It includes:
▪ Diencephalon
▪ Midbrain
▪ Pons
▪ Medulla oblongata

A

Brainstem

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22
Q

A brain disorder that happens when certain nerve cells in your brain misfire. it
causes seizures, which can affect your behavior or the way you see things around you for a short time. it is treated with antiepileptic drugs or surgery may be an option for people whose seizures are not controlled by medication, or who cannot tolerate the side
effects of seizure medications.

A

Epilepsy

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23
Q

Surface of the cerebrum that has folded appearance

A

Sulci and gyri

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24
Q

It is responsible for reabsorbing CSF back to venous blood sinus circulation

A

Pacchionian granulations

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25
Q

− Short axons
− Terminates within the same vicinity
− E.g. Purkinje cells of cerebellum

A

Golgi Type II

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26
Q
A
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27
Q
  • Made up several fasciculi as bundles of nerve fibers covered by dense CT (epineurium) then
    gives off septa
  • Perineurium surrounds the bigger bundles of nerve fibers, then sends finer septa
  • Endoneurium that surrounds individual nerve fibers
  • Vasa Nervorum blood supply to the nerve; Nervi Nervorum innervates the nerve
A

Nerve Trunk

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28
Q
  • Made up of small stellate granular cells
  • Aka small stellate granular cell layer
A

Internal granular layer

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29
Q

Sensory organs found in the conjunctiva and external genitalia

A

End bulb of Krause

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30
Q

The association of the nerve cell bodies with the glial cell

A

Neurothil

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31
Q

 Located at the Dorsum of the brainstem at
the pons and is connected via cerebellar
peduncles

 Coordinates muscular activity

 Maintains posture and equilibrium

 Consists of convoluted folds called the Cerebellar Folium and this is separated by Sulci.

A

Cerebellum

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32
Q

A cellular sheath made up of squamous cells that
forms a semi-permeable barrier, characterized by
the abundance of myofilaments & supported by basal lamina

A

Perineurium

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33
Q
  • Soma + Cytoplasm
  • Contains the organelles in the fish- eyed nucleus (pale, poorly- stained with darkly staining nucleolus)
A

Perikaryon

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34
Q
  • Efferent Pyramidal neurons- most conspicuous
  • 1 or more cell type predominate per layer
  • Horizontal and radial axons of the neuronal cells gives it Laminated Appearance
  • Has 6 layers
A

Cerebral cortex

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35
Q

It conducts impulses AWAY from the CNS to the effector organ

A

Efferent/Motor neurons

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36
Q
  • Structural and functional units of the NS
  • Number of neurons in the body: 10^10 - 10^11 PARTS
A

Neurons

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37
Q
  • Tissue that makes up the nervous system
  • Basic property: Conductivity (Conduction of nerve impulses)
  • Made up of cells and fibers
A

Nervous Tissue

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38
Q
  • Largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemispheres
  • Performs higher functions (Touch, vision, hearing, speech, reasoning, emotions, learning, and fine
    control movement)
A

Cerebrum

39
Q

Arachnoid + Pia mater

A

Leptomeninx

40
Q
  • Also called Plexiform Layer
  • Overlying it is a delicate connective tissue in the brain called pia mater
  • Basket cells, capsular substance cells
  • Peripheral portion: neuroglial cells and
    Horizontal Cells of Cajal (small fusiform cell)
A

Molecular layer

41
Q
  • Outermost layer of the meninges
  • Thick External layer
  • Consisting of dense, fibroelastic connective tissue which is
    continuous with the periosteum of the skull
  • Around the spinal cord, the dura mater is separated from the periosteum of the vertebrae by the Epidural Space (contains a plexus of thin-walled veins and areolar connective tissue)
A

Dura mater

42
Q

Receptor organ for touch found in finger tips, lips, palms, soles, nipple and
conjunctiva

A

Meissner’s corpuscle

43
Q

Its grey mater is located peripherally, white mater
is located centrally

A

Cerebrum and Cerebellum

44
Q
  • Made up of loose CT
  • Highly avascular
  • Give rise to Arachnoid Villi
A

Arachnoid

45
Q

− Synthesize CSF

− Cuboidal/columnar cells lining the ventricles of the brain and central spina canal that synthesize CSF

− Beneath ependymal cell layer are numerous BV that form the choroid plexus

A

Ependymal cells

46
Q

Nerve fibers that are formed in granular layer

A

Mossy fibers

47
Q

▪ Numerous/ branched dendrites; one axon

▪ Motor neurons of the spinal cord

▪ Internuncial neurons

▪ Most of the cells in NS are multipolar

A

Multipolar

48
Q

▪ Betz cells in motor cortex

▪ Paired Mauthner neurons in the medulla oblongata

A

Giant neurons

49
Q
  • Innermost Layer of the meninges (rests directly on the surface of brain and spinal cord)
  • Delicate layer
  • Lined internally by Flattened, mesenchymally derived cells
  • Pia mater + Glial Layer = Physical Barrier (separates the CNS tissue from CSF)
A

Pia mater

50
Q
  • OUTER cerebellum layer
  • relatively fewer and smaller neuronal cell bodies
  • many fibers that extend parallel to the length of the folium
A

Molecular layer

51
Q
  • Upwards continuation of medulla posteriorly of pons
  • Along the mid line lies the Raphae nuclei
A

Pontine tegmentum

52
Q

Part of the cerebral peduncle that contain corticobulbar, corticospinal, corticopontine

A

Basis pedunculi (crus cerebri)

53
Q
  • aka small pyramidal cell layer
  • made up of small pyramidal cell
A

External granular layer

54
Q

The tunnels covered by the Pia matter
where blood vessels penetrate the CNS

A

Perivascular spaces

55
Q
  • Abundant number of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, initial unmyelinated portions of axons, astrocytes, and
    neuroglial cells
  • Where most synapses occur
  • Occupies the thick surface of cortex of both cerebrum and cerebellum
A

Gray mater

56
Q

It contains polyribosomes attached to endoplasmic reticulum that indicates high metabolic activity.

A

Nissl bodies

57
Q

Impinges on the effector organ

A

Axon terminal

58
Q
  • Region of the spinal cord that is arranged roughly in letter “H”
  • Consists of dendrites, axons, supporting cells and their processes and nerve cell bodies
  • As compared to cerebral and cerebellar arteries, the spinal cord doesn’t have cortex and is not layered
  • Its primary significance is the site of synapse
  • Consists of long slender posterior horns and short thick ventral horns joined by
    horizontal gray commissure
  • Ventral horns have large multipolar neurons (motor) while dorsal horns (sensory)
  • The central spinal cord is lined by ependymal cells
A

Inner (Central) gray mater

59
Q

Layer of the cerebrum that contains numerous neuroglial cells and
largest pyramidal cells (especially in the motor area- Betz cells are found)

A

Internal Pyramidal layer

60
Q
  • Basal ganglia structure
  • Black substance: neuromelanin in dopaminergic neurons
A

Substantia nigra

61
Q

Receptor organ for heat sensation found in subcutaneous tissue finger tips and joint capsule

A

Ruffini’s end organ

62
Q

− Long axons
− Originate in the CNS and terminates distant from its origin to the periphery
− e.g. Cranial nerves

A

Golgi Type I

63
Q

It conduct impulses TOWARDS CNS

A

Afferent/Sensory neurons

64
Q

− Largest neuroglial cell

− Take part in the formation of tight junctions that make up the BBB (fluid and electrolyte balance)

− “End-feet” impinge on BV and neuron to form the BBB

− 3 Types:
1. Protoplasmic - Forms BBB in the gray matter

  1. Fibrous - Forms BBB in the white matter
  2. Specialized Astrocytes
    ▪ Bergman Glial cells in the cerebellum with protoplasmic processes that extend up to the pia mater

▪ Muller cells intermediate between astrocytes and ependymal cells

▪ Pituicytes in neurohypophysis

A

Astrocytes

65
Q

It is located between sensory and motor
neurons

A

Internuncial/ Interneurons/ Central/ Intercalated neurons

66
Q

Part of the cerebral peduncle that contain pigmented masses of grey matter belong to extrapyramidal system

A

Substantia nigra

67
Q

▪ In spinal and cerebral ganglia

▪ Only one process; usually the axon; no dendrites

▪ Amacrine cells of retina: no axons; have one
dendrite

▪ Ganglion cells

A

Unipolar/ Pseudounipolar

68
Q

The cytoplasm of axon

A

Axoplasm

69
Q
  • Synthesize by ependymal cells
  • CSF in Central Spinal Canal
  • Central spinal canal is equivalent to ventricles of the brain
A

Cerebrospinal fluid

70
Q

▪ 1 axon, 1 dendrite

▪ Neurons of the special senses

▪ In retinal, gustatory, vestibulocochlear, olfactory epithelium

A

Bipolar

71
Q
  • aka medium- sized pyramidal cell layer
  • made up of medium- sized pyramidal cell
A

External pyramidal layer

72
Q
  • Found in midbrain
  • Involved in motor coordination
  • Pale pink/ red due to iron which may be present in two forms, hemoglobin and ferritin
A

Red nucleus

73
Q
  • Region of the spinal cord that contains no nerve cell bodies
  • Arranged in ascending and
    descending nerve fiber tracts, supporting cells and their processes.
A

Outer (Peripheral) white mater

74
Q

Cells in the 3rd ventricle that interdigitate with the ependymal cells

A

Tanycytes

75
Q

Consists of organs and structures located within the cranial cavity and vertebral canal. Includes brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

76
Q
  • a.k.a “Pachymeninx”
  • Avascular
  • Reflection/folds give rise to venous sinuses (transverse/ sagittal/ cavernous)
A

Dura mater

77
Q

It is made up of ependymal cells + BV that synthesize CSF

A

Choroid plexus

78
Q

Surround the ganglion cells in the spinal cord

A

Capsular/ Satellite Cells

79
Q
  • Where large pyramidal cells are seen (Betz cell)
  • Aka Ganglion cell layer
A

Internal pyramidal layer

80
Q

Fibers that conduct impulses at 3 to 14m/sec (mainly visceral sensory fibers)

A

Group B fibers

81
Q

Receptor organ that mediate deep pressure and found hand, foot, palms, soles, peritoneum, pleura, mesenteries, penis, clitoris, urethra, nipple, breast and pancreas

A

Pacinian corpuscle

82
Q

Three layers of the cerebellum

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. Purkinje layer
  3. Granular layer
83
Q

− Slender cells that synthesize myelin in the PNS

− Form a sheathe called the Sheath of Schwann/ Neurilemmal sheath

− Myelin

− lipid cover rich in phospholipids in the PNS and rich in glycolipid in the CNS

− Oblique discontinuities in the Schwann sheath are called “Schmidt-Lanterman clefts”

A

Schwann cells

84
Q

It includes organs and structures located outside the cranial cavity and vertebral canal

  • Includes:
  • 12 pairs of Cranial nerves
  • 31 pairs of Spinal nerves
  • Sympathetic, Peripheral (i.e. Auerbach’s plexus) and Spinal ganglia
  • Sensory receptors (pain receptors, Meissner’s corpuscles)
A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

85
Q
  • INNER cerebellum layer
  • with numerous small neurons that exhibit intensely stained nuclei
A

Granular layer

86
Q

Conducts between neurons appearing as end feet/ terminal buttons

A

Synapses

87
Q

▪ clusters of neurons in the PNS

▪ Auerbach’s plexus, Meissner plexus, Dorsal root ganglia

A

Ganglia

88
Q

Branches of axons

A

Axon Collaterals

89
Q

They are known to play a supporting role for nervous
tissue. Ongoing research pursues an expanded role that they might play in signaling, but neurons
are still considered the basis of this function.

A

Glial cells

90
Q
  • Middle part of brainstem (between medulla and midbrain)
  • Connected to cerebellum by middle cerebellar peduncle.
  • Consists of 2 parts: Basis Pontis (ventrally) and Pontine Tegmentum (dorsally)
A

Pons

91
Q

The six layers of the cerebrum

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. External granular layer
  3. External pyramidal layer
  4. Internal granular layer
  5. Internal pyramidal layer
  6. Multiform layer
92
Q

Nerve fibers that make synapses in all the layers

A

Climbing fibers

93
Q

They are < 4 microns in diameter

A

Dwarf neurons

HISTO LEC MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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