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HISTO LEC MIDTERMS > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

o Synthesized in the neuron cell bodies of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

o Main action:
✓ Induce strong contractions of smooth muscles in uterus resulting in childbirth.
✓ Oxytocin stimulates the contraction of myoepithelial cells around the alveoli and ducts in the lactating mammary glands, ejecting milk into the excretory ducts and the nipple.

A

Oxytocin

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2
Q

✓ make up the majority of cells population

✓ polyhedral cells

✓ less intensely staining (faintly acidophilic)

✓ 7 – 10 microns in diameter

✓ Vesicular nucleus

✓ Each cell has single cilium that extends into narrow canaliculi

✓ Cytoplasm contains secretory granules (Lipofuscin pigment
and Glycogen)

✓ Secretes PARATHORMONE (PARATHYROID HORMONE)

A

Principal cells/ chief cells

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3
Q

✓ decreases serum calcium levels
✓ unbranched single polypeptide chain
✓ made up of 32 amino acids
✓ MW: 3,400

A

Thyrocalcitonin

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4
Q
  • Also known as the neurohypophysis or the pars nervosa
  • Derived from the down growth of nervous tissue from the hypothalamus joined by the pituitary stalk
  • Largely composed of non-myelinated axons of specialized neurons. The cell bodies of these neurons are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.
  • Axons are supported by specialized highly branching glial cells called pituicytes:
    with oval nuclei and cytoplasm containing small amounts of yellowish-brown
    pigment.
A

Posterior pituitary

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5
Q

Mediates sodium reabsorption

A

Aldosterone

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6
Q

e.g. adrenal cortical hormones, ovarian and testicular
hormones

A

Steroids derived from cholesterol

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7
Q

✓ Singly, solitary or in small groups

✓ Interspersed among the principal cells

✓ Deeply acidophilic, more intensely staining

✓ Dark central nuclei (smaller and more compact)

✓ Less in number

✓ Unknown Function (no hormonal secretion or secretion is unknown)

A

Oxyphil cells

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8
Q

The 3 subdivisions of the anterior pituitary

A
  1. Pars distalis/pars anterior
  2. Pars tuberalis
  3. Pars intermedia
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9
Q

Small, flattened endocrine glands which are closely applied to the upper pole of each kidney.

A

Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland

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10
Q

Subdivision of the anterior pituitary that surrounds the neural stalk

A

Pars tuberalis

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11
Q

The 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary

A
  1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin
  2. Oxytocin
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12
Q
  • Small ovoid/spherical, yellowish-brown, highly vascular, ductless endocrine glands
  • Location: Posterior surface of thyroid gland
  • Normally, 4 of it are usually located at the middle 3rd of the thyroid (some can be at the lower 3rd)
  • Size: 3-8mm in length, 2-5mm in width, .5-2mm in thickness
  • Weight: 0.5-3 grams
  • Supporting framework: reticular connective tissue
A

Parathyroid gland

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13
Q
  • Small with round central nuclei and pale eosinophilic or clear cytoplasm.
  • Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) / parathormone
  • Active cells stain more intensely because of an increase in the number of rough ER.
  • Resting cells, on the other hand, have pale cytoplasm and make up 80% of the
    total in normal adults.
A

Chief or principal cells

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14
Q

Small oval glands closely associated with the thyroid gland. There are usually 2 pairs in mammals.

A

Parathyroid gland

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15
Q
  • Regulates (lowers) blood calcium levels in conjunction with the parathyroid
    hormone
  • Secreted by C cells or parafollicular cells found in the thyroid gland as
    individual scattered cells in the follicle lining, or as small clumps in between
    follicles.
A

Calcitonin

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16
Q
  • Constitute about 20% of the anterior pituitary mass
  • Secretes adrenocorticotrophic hormone
    (ACTH)/corticotrophin
A

Corticotrophs

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17
Q
  • Lies in the center/ inner part of the adrenal gland
  • Cells are also arranged in small cords. The cells are modified postganglionic
    sympathetic neurons that have lost their axons and dendrites during
    development.
  • Synthesize and secrete catecholamines (primarily epinephrine and
    norepinephrine).
A

Adrenal medulla

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18
Q

Outer part of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenal cortex

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19
Q

Less numerous and appear as cells that contain blue staining granules.

A

Basophils

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20
Q
  • overproduction of aldosterone by one or both adrenal glands.
  • The most common sign is high blood pressure that is difficult to control,
    even with medication.
  • Some people also have symptoms such as: headaches muscle weakness or cramps heart
    palpations
  • Unless it is treated and controlled, high blood pressure increases your risk of having a stroke,
    heart disease or kidney disease.
A

CONNS’ DISEASE/ PRIMARY ALDOSTERONISM

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21
Q

e.g. insulin, growth hormone, parathormone

A

Protein and Glycoprotein molecules

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22
Q
  • Iodine containing hormones
  • Regulate basal metabolic rate and influences growth and maturation of nerve
    tissue
  • Secretion of these hormones is regulated by TSH
A

T3 and T4

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23
Q

Butterfly-shaped endocrine gland lying in the upper neck of the trachea

A

Thyroid gland

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24
Q

Cells become taller, have more numerous microvilli, more organelles (more mitochondria, larger Golgi bodies, more numerous lysosomes, more developed endoplasmic reticulum),
increase in size and number

A

THYROTOXICOSIS/ TOXIC GOITER/ EXOPHTHALMIC GOITER

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25
Q

✓ Thin innermost layer and lies next to the renal medulla
✓ Consists of an irregular network of branching cords and clusters of glandular
cells separated by numerous capillaries
✓ The cells are much smaller than those in the zona fasciculata
✓ The cytoplasm is darker staining because it contains fewer lipid droplets
✓ Secretes small quantities of androgens and glucocorticoids

A

Zona reticularis

26
Q
  • Aka Water clear cells
  • between the oxyphil and principal cells
A

Intermediate oxyphil cells

27
Q
  • Dense homogenous gelatinous material that represents extracellular storage form of the secretion of follicular cells
  • Contains the following:
    ✓ Stored thyroid hormones: Thyroglobulin (a glycoprotein)
    ✓ Mucoproteins
    ✓ Proteolytic enzymes (separate hormone from its carrier)
    ✓ Desquamated cells
    ✓ Macrophages (rare)
A

Colloid

28
Q

The 3 histological zones of the adrenal cortex

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis
29
Q

diffuse toxic goiter

A

PLUMMER’S SYNDROME

30
Q

Cells with strongly staining cytoplasm

A

Chromophils

31
Q

e.g. thyroxine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine
(noradrenaline)

A

Amino acid derivatives

32
Q
  • release discharge directly into the blood stream or lymph stream
  • ductless glands
    ex: Pituitary gland, Pineal Gland, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Testis, Ovaries
A

Endocrine

33
Q
  • Bi-lobed ductless reddish-brown highly vascular
    endocrine gland
  • Location: at the anterior neck, extending from mid-
    thyroid cartilage up to 6th tracheal ring
  • Size: 5cm in length, 4 cm in width, by 2 cm in thickness
  • Weight: 25-40 grams
  • Function: well-defined mechanism for extracellular
    storage of thyroid hormones; synthesis, storage and elaboration of thyroid hormones T3 and T4
A

Thyroid gland

34
Q
  • Occur in nodules
  • Copious eosinophilic cytoplasm packed with mitochondria
  • Do not secrete PTH and increase in number with age.
A

Oxyphil cells

35
Q
  • Compromise up to 20% of the anterior pituitary, increasing in number during pregnancy.
  • Secretes prolactin, which controls milk production
A

Mammotrophs (lactotrophs)

36
Q
  • autoimmune disorder in which the person produces antibodies
  • mimic the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
  • A primary sign is an enlarged thyroid, which may be two to three times its normal size.
  • Patients suffering from this often have a peculiar edema behind the eyes, called exophthalmos, which causes the eyes to protrude.
  • Treatment may include surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), the use of
    radioactive iodine to selectively destroy thyroid tissue, and the use of antithyroid drugs to block
    synthesis of thyroid hormones
A

GRAVES’ DISEASE

37
Q

Functions to raise blood calcium levels

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) / parathormone

38
Q

flat or cuboidal

A

Inactive

39
Q
  • Synthesized in the neuron cell bodies of the supraoptic nucleus of the
    hypothalamus.
  • Main action: increase water permeability in the distal convoluted tubules and
    collecting ducts of the kidney. As a result, more water is reabsorbed and
    retained in the body, creating a more concentrated urine.
A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin

40
Q
  • Increases serum calcium levels
  • Single unbranched polypeptide chain has no cysteine
  • MW: 9,000
A

Parathormone (Parathyroid hormone)

41
Q

It increases blood glucose levels and increase cellular synthesis of glycogen.

A

Cortisol

42
Q

tall and columnar

A

Active

43
Q

The largest part of the anterior pituitary

A

Pars distalis/pars anterior

44
Q
  • General dryness (no secretions)
  • Clinical triad:
    ▪ Dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis)
    ▪ Dry mouth (xerostomia)
    ▪ Rheumatoid arthritis
A

SJOGREN’S SYNDROME

45
Q
  • more abundant (90%)
  • less potent
  • longer acting (6 to 7 days)
A

Tetraiodothyroxine /Thyroxine (T4)

46
Q

The thin cell layer between the pars distalis and the
neurohypophysis. Synthesizes and secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH).

A

Pars intermedia

47
Q

System responsible for the synthesis and secretion of chemical messengers known as hormones.

A

Endocrine system

48
Q
  • Make up 5% of the anterior pituitary
  • Secretes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing
    hormone (LH)
A

Gonadotrophs

49
Q

e.g. vasopressin, products of enteroendocrine cells

A

Small peptide molecules

50
Q
  • Make up 5% of the anterior pituitary
  • Secretes thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)/thyrotrophin
A

Thyrotrophs

51
Q
  • Also called the adenohypophysis
  • Arises as an epithelial up growth from the roof of the primitive oral cavity known as the Rathke’s pouch.
A

Anterior pituitary

52
Q
  • Aka Mitochondria-rich cells/ C-cells
  • Origin: Ectoderm/ Neuroectoderm
  • Located in the interfollicular spaces and also in the follicular epithelium
  • Pale staining with intensely staining small nuclei
  • Slightly larger than principal cells
  • Cytoplasm have brown to black cytoplasmic granules
  • Rich in alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
  • Secrete THYROCALCITONIN
A

Parafollicular cells

53
Q

➢ Small bean-shaped gland about 1cm across
➢ Located at the base of the brain beneath the third ventricle, sitting in a bony cavity in the
base of the skull (sella turcica)
➢ Connected to the hypothalamus via the pituitary stalk/infundibulum.

A

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

54
Q
  • Most numerous, making up almost half of the bulk of the anterior pituitary
  • Secretes growth hormones
A

Somatotrophs

55
Q

Vitamin D absence among children

A

Rickets

56
Q

More numerous and can be distinguished by their red staining granules
and blue nuclei

A

Acidophils

57
Q

Cells with weakly staining cytoplasm. The cytoplasm appears clear
indicating the absence of granules.

A

Chromophobes

58
Q
  • less numerous (10%)
  • 4-5x more potent
  • short acting (1/2 to 2 days)
A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

59
Q

✓ Outermost layer
✓ Composed of cells arranged in irregular ovoid clusters separated by delicate fibrous trabeculae continuous with the fibro collagenous capsule.
✓ The cells have round nuclei and less cytoplasm than the cells in the zona
fasciculata
✓ The cytoplasm contains plentiful smooth endoplasmic reticulum and
mitochondria, but with only scanty lipid droplets
✓ Secretes mineralocorticoid hormones principally aldosterone.

A

Zona glomerulosa

60
Q
  • Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone causes Addison’s disease (chronic
    adrenocortical insufficiency).
  • Symptoms, which typically do not appear until 90% of the adrenal cortex has been
    destroyed, include mental lethargy, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, weight loss,
    hypoglycemia, and muscular weakness.
  • Loss of aldosterone leads to elevated potassium and decreased sodium in the blood, low
    blood pressure, dehydration, decreased cardiac output, arrhythmias, and even cardiac
A

ADDISON’S DISEASE

61
Q

nodular toxic goiter

A

GRAVE’S DISEASE

62
Q

✓ Middle and broadest of the 3 cortical layers
✓ Consists of narrow columns and cords of cells, often only one cell thick,
separated by fine strands of collagen and capillaries
✓ The cell cytoplasm is abundant and pale staining due to large number of lipid
droplets present; mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum are also abundant.
✓ Secretes glucocorticoid hormones mainly cortisol
✓ Secretes small amounts of androgenic sex hormones

A

Zona fasciculata

HISTO LEC MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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