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HISTO LEC MIDTERMS > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

lacks an identifiable perichondrium. It is characterized by
alternating rows of fibroblast-derived chondrocytes surrounded by scant matrix and thick parallel bundles of type I collagen fibers. It is located in areas where support and tensile strength are required and where tissues are exposed to compressive and shear forces. It is located
in the intervertebral disks, menisci of the knees, sternoclavicular joints, and the pubic symphysis.

A

Fibrocartilage

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2
Q

Are immovable joints composed of connective tissue, cartilage, or bone. These joints unite the first rib to the sternum and connect the skull bones to each other.

A

Synarthroses

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3
Q

(Zones of the epiphyseal plates)

area where newly formed osteoblasts elaborate bone matrix on the calcified cartilage, forming a calcified cartilage–calcified bone complex, which is
resorbed and replaced by bone.

A

zone of ossification

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4
Q

large, motile, multinucleated cells (up to 50 nuclei) that resorb bone. They are derived from cells of the mononuclear-phagocyte system, comprising
blood-borne monocytes

A

Osteoclasts

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5
Q

Cells of the internal capsular layer that are intensely phagocytic and have a well-developed Golgi complex, many lysosomes, and sparse RER.

A

Type A

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6
Q

Matrix rich in collagen but poor in proteoglycans
- stains less deeply

A

Interterritorial matrix

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7
Q

(rickets of adults) results from calcium deficiency.

  1. It is characterized by deficient calcification in newly formed bone and decalcification of
    already calcified bone.
  2. This disease may be severe during pregnancy because the calcium requirements of the
    fetus may lead to calcium loss from the mother.
A

Osteomalacia

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8
Q

usually caused by wear and tear on the joint where the hyaline cartilage is worn away resulting in bone grinding on bone. Other causes include joint injury
or infection within the joint.

A

Osteoarthritis

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9
Q

Cells of the internal capsular layer that resemble fibroblasts and have a well-developed RER; these cells probably secrete synovial fluid.

A

Type B

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10
Q

a genetic disorder affecting osteoclasts so that
they do not possess ruffled borders; therefore, these osteoclasts cannot resorb bone, which
creates an imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption. Thus, persons with
osteopetrosis display increased bone density. This condition leads to anemia because of
decreased marrow space, blindness, deafness, and damage to the cranial nerves as the
foramina of the skull become narrow and impinge on the nerves.

A

Osteopetrosis

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11
Q

Has no trabeculae or bone marrow cavities.

A

Compact (dense) bone

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12
Q

Vitamin that is necessary for collagen formation. Deficiency results in scurvy, characterized by
poor bone growth and inadequate fracture repair.

A

Vitamin C

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13
Q

very severe form of arthritis, where the immune system attacks the joint including the cartilage, bone, and the synovial membrane. If left untreated, it may destroy the joint including the cartilage and the bone.

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

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14
Q

The portion of the bone matrix (about 35% of the dry weight) that consists primarily of type I collagen (95%) and a minor contribution of type V collagen. It has a ground
substance that contains chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid.

A

Organic

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15
Q

Also known as immature or woven bone

(1) contains many osteocytes and large, irregularly arranged type I collagen bundles.

(2) It has a low mineral content.

(3) It is the first compact bone produced during fetal development and bone repair.

(4) It is remodeled and replaced by secondary bone except in a few places

A

Primary bone

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16
Q

Hormone secreted by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland that decreases calcium levels

A

Calcitonin

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17
Q

occurs in children deficient in vitamin D, which results in calcium deficiency. It is
characterized by deficient calcification in newly formed bone and is generally
accompanied by deformation of the bone spicules in epiphyseal plates; as a result, bones
grow more slowly than normal and are deformed by the stress of weight bearing.

A

Rickets

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18
Q

layer of noncalcified connective tissue covering bone on its external surfaces, except at synovial articulations and muscle attachments.

a. It is composed of an outer dense fibrous collagenous layer and an inner cellular
osteoprogenitor (osteogenic) layer.

b. Sharpey fibers (type I collagen) attach the periosteum to the bone surface.

c. The periosteum functions to distribute blood vessels to bone.

A

periosteum

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19
Q

permit maximum movement and generally unite long bones. These joints are surrounded by a two-layered capsule, enclosing and sealing the articular cavity. The articular cavity contains synovial fluid, a colorless, viscous fluid that is rich in hyaluronic acid and
proteins.

A

Diarthroses (synovial joints)

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20
Q

a. Osteocytes are mature bone cells housed in their own lacunae.

b. They have narrow cytoplasmic processes that extend through canaliculi in the calcified
matrix.

c. They maintain communication with each other via gap junctions between their processes.

d. They are nourished and maintained by nutrients, metabolites, and signal molecules carried
by the extracellular fluid that flows through the lacunae and canaliculi. In addition, calcium released from bone enters the extracellular fluid located within these spaces.

e. They contain abundant heterochromatin, a paucity of RER, and a small Golgi complex.

A

Osteocytes

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21
Q

long cylindrical structures that run approximately parallel to
the long axis of the diaphysis.

a. composed of 4 to 20 lamellae surrounding a central haversian
canal, which contains blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue. They are lined by
osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts.

b. They are often surrounded by an amorphous cementing substance.

c. They are interconnected by Volkmann canals, which also connect to the periosteum and
endosteum and carry the neurovascular supply.

A

Haversian systems (osteons)

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22
Q

layer of dense, irregular connective tissue that surrounds hyaline
cartilage except at articular surfaces

(1) It consists of an outer fibrous layer containing type I collagen, fibroblasts, and blood vessels and an inner cellular layer containing chondrogenic cells and chondroblasts.

(2) It provides the nearest blood supply to the avascular cartilaginous tissue.

A

Perichondrium

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23
Q

Manufacture the cartilage matrix through which nutrients and waste
materials pass to and from the cells, respectively. These cells contain an extensive Golgi complex, abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), lipid droplets, and glycogen.

A

Chondroblasts

24
Q

disease characterized by low bone mass (low bone mineral density)
and structural deterioration of bone tissue, making the bone fragile and susceptible to fracture. It is associated with an abnormal ratio of mineral to matrix.

A

Osteoporosis

25
Q

three types of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage

26
Q

a. These spindle-shaped cells are derived from embryonic mesenchyme and are located in
the periosteum and the endosteum, and persist throughout life as stem cells that line bone.
They can be activated later for bone repair of fractures or other repair.

b. They are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts. However, at low oxygen tensions, they
may change into chondrogenic cells.

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

27
Q

(Zones of the epiphyseal plates)

region where hypertrophied chondrocytes die and the
cartilage becomes calcified.

A

zone of calcification

28
Q

Hormone that is produced in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland. It stimulates overall growth, especially that of epiphyseal plates, and influences bone
development via insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins), especially stimulating growth of
the epiphyseal plates. Children deficient in this hormone exhibit dwarfism, whereas adults with
an excess of somatotropin in their growing years display pituitary gigantism and acromegaly.

A

Pituitary growth hormone (somatotropin)

29
Q

It is the primary constituent of the adult skeleton. It is a specialized type of connective tissue with
a calcified extracellular matrix in which characteristic cells are embedded. Bone functions to support and protect vital organs, and fleshy structures, as a hemopoiesis organ, and provides a storage site for phosphate and calcium (bone contains about 99% of the body’s calcium). Secondarily, it functions to regulate blood calcium levels via input from two separate nonbony tissues.

A

Bone

30
Q

Contains exocytotic vesicles that transfer lysosomal enzymes to
Howship lacunae and endocytotic vesicles that transfer degraded bone products from
Howship lacunae to the interior of the cell.

A

Vesicular zone

31
Q

the swelling and tenderness of the joints. One of the processes of aging is the
degeneration of hyaline cartilage especially as it covers the articulating surfaces of the
members of bony joints. Over time, this causes joint pain, redness, swelling, stiffness, and
restricts joint mobility.

A

arthritis

32
Q

possesses a perichondrium and is nearly identical to hyaline cartilage except for a network of elastic fibers, which impart a yellowish color. Although it contains
type II collagen, it is less prone to degeneration than hyaline cartilage and does not calcify in aging. It is located in areas where flexible support is required. Elastic cartilage exists as in the cartilage of the auditory tube, external ear, and epiglottis.

A

elastic cartilage

33
Q

results from an excess of pituitary growth hormone in adults. It is characterized by very thick bones in the extremities and in portions of the facial skeleton.

A

Acromegaly

34
Q

Vitamin necessary for absorption of calcium from the small intestine. Deficiency results in poorly calcified (soft) bone, a condition known as rickets in children and
osteomalacia in adults. It is also necessary for bone formation (ossification), whereas an excess of it causes bone resorption.

A

Vitamin D

35
Q

An avascular specialized fibrous connective tissue. It has a firm extracellular matrix that is less pliable than that of connective tissue proper, and it contains chondrocytes embedded in
matrix.

A

Cartilage

36
Q

(Zones of the epiphyseal plates)

The cartilage is at the epiphyseal side of the plate. It possesses small,
randomly arranged inactive chondrocytes.

A

zone of reserve

37
Q

It is composed of interconnected trabeculae. Bony trabeculae surround cavities filled with bone marrow. The trabeculae contain osteocytes
and are lined on both surfaces by a single layer of osteoblasts. It is always surrounded by compact bone.

A

Spongy (cancellous) bone

38
Q

(Zones of the epiphyseal plates)

a region of rapid mitotic divisions giving rise
to rows of isogenous cell groups.

A

zone of proliferation

39
Q

deficiency inhibits proper bone formation and growth, whereas an excess accelerates ossification of the epiphyseal plates. Deficiency or excess of this vitamin results in small stature.

A

Vitamin A

40
Q

The site of active bone resorption. It is composed of irregular fingerlike cytoplasmic projections extending into the subosteoclastic compartment, a
slight depression that deepens as the osteoclast resorbs bone and then that depression is referred to as Howship lacuna.

A

Ruffled border

41
Q

a. derived from osteoprogenitor cells under the influence of members of
the BMP family and also transforming growth factor-B. They possess receptors for PTH. They are responsible for the synthesis of organic protein
components of bone matrix, including type I collagen, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins, which they secrete as osteoid (uncalcified bone matrix). They produce macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), a receptor for the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (RANKL), osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin (for bone mineralization), osteopontin (for formation of sealing zone between osteoclasts and the subosteoclastic compartment), osteonectin
(related to bone mineralization), and bone sialoprotein (binding osteoblasts to extracellular
matrix).

b. On bony surfaces, they resemble a layer of cuboidal, basophilic cells as they secrete organic
matrix.

c. They possess cytoplasmic processes with which they contact the processes of other osteoblasts and osteocytes and form gap junctions.

d. When synthetically active, they have a well-developed RER and Golgi complex.

e. These cells become entrapped in lacunae, but maintain contact with other cells via their cytoplasmic processes. Entrapped osteoblasts are known as osteocytes.

A

Osteoblast

42
Q

Layer of the diarthroses that is lined by a layer of squamous to cuboidal epithelial cells on its internal surface. Two cell types are displayed in electron micrographs of this epithelium.

A

internal (synovial) capsular layer

43
Q

A thin specialized connective tissue that lines the marrow cavities and supplies osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts for bone growth and repair.

A

endosteum

44
Q

Develops at the midriff of the diaphysis of the hyaline
cartilage model, containing type II collagen.

A

Primary center of ossification

45
Q

Hormone from the parathyroid gland acts to increase calcium levels in the blood

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

46
Q

Also known as mature or lamellar bone

(1) the compact bone of adults.

(2) It has a calcified matrix arranged in regular layers, or lamellae. Each lamella is 3 to 7 μm thick.

(3) It contains osteocytes in lacunae between, and occasionally within, lamellae.

A

Secondary bone

47
Q

(Zones of the epiphyseal plates)

region where the chondrocytes are
greatly enlarged

A

zone of cell hypertrophy and maturation

48
Q

Develop at the epiphyses in a sequence of events similar
to that described for the primary center, except a bone collar is not formed.

A

Secondary centers of ossification

49
Q

functions primarily to support soft tissues and assists in the development and growth
of long bones.

A

Cartilage

50
Q

Surrounds the ruffled border. It contains actin filaments at the periphery
that help osteoclasts maintain contact with the bony surface. This isolates and seals the region of osteolytic activity.

A

Clear zone

51
Q

Part of the osteoclast housing most of the organelles and is the
farthest from the subosteoclastic compartment.

A

basal zone

52
Q

It is a tough, fibrous layer of dense connective tissue of the diarthroses.

A

external (fibrous) capsular layer

53
Q

results from cell division of preexisting chondrocytes. This type of growth occurs only during the early stages of cartilage formation and in articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plates of long bones.

A

interstitial growth

54
Q

The matrix that is adjacent to chondrocytes.
- poor in collagen but rich in proteoglycans
- stains more deeply

A

territorial matrix

55
Q

The portion of the bone matrix (about 65% of the dry weight) that is composed of calcium, phosphate, bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, and
sodium. It consists primarily of hydroxyapatite crystals, which have the composition
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2.

A

Inorganic (calcified)

56
Q

mature cartilage cells that are embedded within lacunae in the matrix.

(1) They arise by differentiation of mesenchymal chondrogenic cells and from
chondrogenic cells within the inner layer of the perichondrium into chondroblasts, which are the earliest cells to produce cartilage matrix.

(2) Chondrocytes located superficially are ovoid and positioned with their longitudinal axis parallel to the cartilage surface. Those located deeper are more nearly spherical and may occur in groups of four to eight cells (isogenous groups).

A
57
Q

results from differentiation of chondrogenic cells in the perichondrium. This type of growth results in the formation of chondroblasts and/or new chondrocytes,
which elaborate a new layer of cartilage matrix at the periphery.

A

appositional growth

HISTO LEC MIDTERMS (4 decks)

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