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Human Systems > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Hyperpolarising ?

A

Current moves the MP further from ‘0’

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2
Q

What is a Depolarising?

A

Current moves the MP nearer to ‘0’

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3
Q

Action potential

A

This large change in MP

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4
Q

What is the action potential amplitude is independent on?

A

stimulus intensity/ size of the stimulus

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5
Q

What we call when MP reaches about –55mV

A

Threshold’ for opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels

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6
Q

What happened when MP reaches about +35mV(peak)?

A

Na+ channels shut, and K+ channels open ( K+ leave the cell, making the MP more negative repolarisation)

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7
Q

What happened At ‘threshold’

A

voltage-gated Na+ channels open
Na+ diffuse in → depolarisation

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8
Q

How Refractory period occurs?

A

After an AP is initiated, the neuron cannot generate another AP until the first one has ended

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9
Q

Myelin sheath

A

fatty layer formed by wrapping the membranes of ‘glial’ cells round the axon

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10
Q

How we can improve AP conduction speed?

A

Increases the axon diameter
Myelination: wrapping a layer of myelin round an axon

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11
Q

Chemical synapses occur between neurons and?

A

Neurons
Muscle cells
Gland cells

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12
Q

The effects of transmitters on post-synaptic cell dependent on what?

A

-Type of receptors
-2nd messengers in post-synaptic cell

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13
Q

Excitatory synapse

A

Transmitter causes depolarisation
Excitatory post-synaptic potential (EPSP)
Brings MP nearer to firing threshold

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14
Q

Inhibitory synapse

A

Transmitter causes hyperpolarisation
Inhibitory post-synaptic potential (IPSP)
Takes MP further from firing threshold

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15
Q

When post-synaptic cell will “fire”?

A

When it receives sufficient excitation to drive the MP beyond threshold
This occurs when it receives many excitatory inputs (and few inhibitory inputs) within a short time period

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16
Q

Convergence

A

Neuron receives many inputs from other cells

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17
Q

Divergence

A

Neuron synapses with many other cells

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18
Q

Drug affects can enhance or supress synaptic activity via:

A
  • Synthesis, storage of Tx
  • Release of Tx
  • Action of Tx on receptor
  • 2nd messenger system
  • Inactivation of Tx
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19
Q

Functions of NS

A
  • Internal regulation events
  • Communication
  • Organising behaviour (External)
  • Information storage (memory)
  • Sensation, Perception, emotions
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20
Q

Who is responsible for Myelin formation in CNS, PNS?

A

Schwann cells (PNS)
Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

21
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

Spinal nerves
Cranial nerves

22
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Spinal cord
Brain

23
Q

Mention all spinal nerves

A

31 pairs across cord:
- Cervical - 8
- Thoracic - 12
- Lumbar - 5
- Sacral - 5
- Coccygeal -1

24
Q

What we called the sensory axons that run to body surface?

A

Dermatomes

25
Q

What we call the motor axons that supply blocks of muscle?

A

Myotomes

26
Q

Afferent somatic Vs Afferent autonomic

A

Afferent somatic → Associated with sensation/perception

Afferent autonomic (visceral) → From internal (viscera) organs

27
Q

Efferent somatic Vs Efferent autonomic

A

Efferent somatic → Voluntary control of muscle

Efferent autonomic (visceral) → ANS control of smooth muscle and glands

28
Q

What activities dose the ANS controls?

A

Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Various glands

29
Q

The 2 division of ANS:

A

Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS

30
Q

Where are the cell bodies of pre-ganglionic neurons in Parasympathetic divisions?

A

Brainstem:
CN 3,7,9 - Head structures
CN 10 - Thoracic & Abdominal organs

Sacral spinal cord:
S 2,3,4 - Pelvic organs

31
Q

Where are the cell bodies of pre-ganglionic neurons in Sympathetic divisions?

A

T1 - L2 (Thoracic & Lumbar regions)

32
Q

Who has Long pre-ganglionic neurons?

A

Parasympathetic NS

33
Q

Ganglion near or in effector organ in which system?

A

Parasympathetic N

34
Q

Role of Parasympathetic NS

A

discrete actions on single organs, in the body ‘core’:
– salivary gland; heart
Conservative, anabolic effects:
– storing energy - digestion etc (cow in a field)
– slowing heart

35
Q

Role of Sympathetic NS:

A

Widespread actions, often affecting whole body
-distribution of sympathetic nerves; circulating adrenalin
Homeostasis:
– Blood pressure,thermoregulation
Fight, flight or fright:
– meeting demands of active muscle – anxiety (dental treatment!)

36
Q

Who control breathing?

A

Skeletal muscles and are controlled by somatic nerves

37
Q

Types of Adrenergic receptor

A

Alpha:
Contraction of smooth muscle (a-1)

Beta:
Relaxation of smooth muscle (b-2)
Increase heart rate and contraction force (b-1)
‘beta blockers’ only affect b1 receptors (localised affect on heart)

38
Q

Types of Cholinergic receptor

A

Muscarinic receptors - neuro-effector junctions (Post gang) (Blocked by Atropine)

Nicotinic receptors - NMJ, Pre gang/post gang synapses neuromuscular junction

39
Q

Protective 3 layers of CNS

A
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid membrane
  • Pia mater
40
Q

Segments of spinal cord

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

41
Q

The difference between gray matter and white matter in spinal cord?

A

Grey matter: contains neuron cell bodies and some axons.
White matter: contains nerve axons

42
Q

Where does the first and second order occur?

A

Dorsal horn (grey matter)

1st-order afferent neuron terminals → 2nd-order cell bodies of sensory neurons

43
Q

Reflex pathway

A

(Stimulus) Sensory → Interneuron → Motor (Response)

44
Q

3 major sections of brain:

A
  • Forebrain
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain
45
Q

Cerebrum function

A
  • Sensory/motor function
  • Language
  • Memory
  • perceptions
  • sensory-motor inegration
  • emotions
46
Q

Midbrain function

A

Connection between Mid-Hind
Visual & auditory reflexes
Pain control

47
Q

Hindbrain

A

Containing: Pons, Cerebellum, medulla oblongata
Vital centres - breathing, heart, blood vessels (Medulla)
Control of balance and posture (cerebellum)

48
Q

Diencephalon function

A

Thalamus:
- Sensory processing
Hypothalamus:
- Homeostasis
- Hormone production - associated with pituitary gland
- circadian rhythms
- Motivation
- Emotional responses, stress

Human Systems (5 decks)

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