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Human Systems > Alimentary System > Flashcards

Alimentary System Flashcards

1
Q

3 components of the small intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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2
Q

The key role of the small intestine

A

Digestion & Absorption

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3
Q

The anatomical boundaries of the small intestine

A

Starts at pylorus
Ends at ileocaceal junction

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4
Q

What is the Peritoneum and its function?

A

Continuous membrane lining abdominal cavity, covering abdominal viscera
Provides support for organs and blood supply route

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5
Q

What are 2 continuous layers of tissue - made of simple squamous epithelial cell - known as?

A

Mesothelium

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6
Q

What is the mesentery and its function?

A

Double layer of visceral peritoneum

Connects structures to posterior abdominal wall, contains blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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7
Q

What is the Omentum?

A

Sheets of visceral peritoneum extending from the stomach and proximal duodenum to other abdominal organs

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8
Q

What are Brunner’s glands?

A

Glands found within the duodenum (Above pancreatic and biliary secretion entrance)

Secrete alkaline and mucous secretions to protect duodenum from chyme acidity

Ensure optimal condition for intestinal enzymes

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9
Q

What is the sphincter of Oddi?

A

Muscular valve controlling pancreatic and biliary secretions through the major papilla

Found within descending limb of duodenum

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10
Q

What is the minor duodenal papilla and state its prevalence?

A

Opening of the accessory pancreatic duct, 2cm above major papilla present in 10% of people

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11
Q

What are the sections/parts that make up the duodenum?

A

Superior, Descending, Inferior, Ascending

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12
Q

Detail the blood supply to the duodenum?

A

Coeliac trunk → Common hepatic → Gastroduodenal artery → Superior pancreatico-duodenal artery

Superior mesenteric artery → Inferior pancreatico-duodenal artery

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13
Q

What are the anatomical boundaries of the Jejunum and ileum?

A

Duodenojejunal flexure - Ileocaecal junction

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14
Q

What are the main roles of each of the three components of the small intestines?

A

Duodenum - mainly digestion
Jejunum - Digestion (Brush border enzymes) & absorption
Ileum - Absorption

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15
Q

Detail the two forms of innervation of the GIT

A

Submucous plexus (Meissner’s)

Myenteric plexus (Auerbach)

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16
Q

What is the submucous plexus innervation path/origin and function?

A

Origin: Stemming from plexuses of parasympathetic nerves around thesuperior mesenteric artery

Function: senses the lumen environment and regulates gastrointestinal blood flow as well as controlling the epithelial cell functions and secretion

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17
Q

What is the Myenteric plexus innervation path/origin and function?

A

Origin: Stemming from Vagus (Cranial nerve X), having parasympathetic and sympathetic input

Function: Lies between muscularis externa layers, controlling motility via muscle stimulation

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18
Q

Name 2 adaptations of the small intestine?

A

Pilcae circulares

Permanent circular folds of mucous membrane
Numerous at final parts of duodenum - upper part of jejunum
Increase surface area 2-3x

Villi

Finger like processes - increasing surface area 10-30x
Microvilli approx 600x increase

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19
Q

Detail the action of motility in the small intestine?

A

Circular - Local contraction (breakdown)

Longitudinal - Moves bolus and fragments along, also contributes to breakdown

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20
Q

Mention disease that affects small intestines?

A
  • Malabsorption syndromes - leading to dietary deficiences (anaemia)
  • Coeliac disease
  • Crohn’s disease
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Meckel’s diverticulum (Rule of 2)
  • Affects mostly ileal mucosa
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21
Q

Large intestine parts

A

1.Caecum
a. appendix
2. Colon
a. Ascending
b. Transverse
c. Descending
d. Sigmoid
3. Rectum

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22
Q

Name A & B

A

A: Hepatic flexure
B: Splenic flexure

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23
Q

Name A,B&C

A

A: Taenia coli
B: Haustra(e) or haustrations
C: Appendices epiploicae

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24
Q
A

Rectal valves

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25
Q

What 3 systems make up the Cervical Viscera?

A

R.E.A
Respiratory, Endocrine, Alimentary

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26
Q

What is the pharynx, its functions and anatomical position?

A

Muscular tube
Conducting air and directing bolus to oesophagus
Spans from base of skull to oesophagus (Approx C6 cervical)

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27
Q

What are the 3 parts/sections of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx - Oropharynx - Laryngopharynx

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28
Q

What are the anatomical boundaries of the Nasopharynx?

A

Base of skull/choana - Uvula/Soft palate

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29
Q

What is the function of the Nasopharynx?

A

Respiratory function

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30
Q

What tonsils are present in the Nasopharynx?

A

Tubal & Pharyngeal

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31
Q

What openings are present in the Nasopharynx?

A

Nasolacrimal duct
Eustachian tube (Auditory tube)

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32
Q

What are the anatomical boundaries of the Oropharynx?

A

Soft palate - Epiglottis (base of tongue)

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33
Q

What is the function of the Oropharynx?

A

Digestive and Respiratory

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34
Q

What tonsils are present in the Oropharynx?

A

Palatine & Lingual

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35
Q

Name the two arches present within the Oropharynx?

A

Palatoglossal arch & Palatopharyngeal arch

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36
Q

What is the name given to all pharynx based tonsils that are positioned in a ‘ring’ ?

A

Waylder’s Ring

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37
Q

What are the anatomical boundaries of the Laryngopharynx?

A

Epiglottis - Cricoid cartilage
Continuous with oesophagus

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38
Q

What is the function of the Laryngopharynx?

A

Digestive & Respiratory

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39
Q

Name the place that prone to food get stuck?

A

Piriform fossa

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40
Q

What are the two groups of pharyngeal constrictors?

A

Longitudinal and circular

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41
Q

Detail the nerve supply to the pharynx?

A

Nerve supply makes up the pharyngeal plexus

Motor - CNX (vagus)
Motor - CNIX (Stylopharyngeus only)
Sensory - CNIX

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42
Q

Name 3 clinical pathologies associated with the Pharynx?

A

Middle ear infection - otitis media
Tonsillitis - Inflammation of tonsils

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43
Q

What regions of the body does the oesophagus pass through?

A

Neck- Thorax - Abdomen

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44
Q

What is Anterior to the Oesophagus?

A

Trachea and heart

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45
Q

What does the Oesophagus pierce at the inferior end?

A

Diaphragm

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46
Q

Detail the two sphincters present in the Oesophagus?

A

Upper (anatomical) oesophageal sphincter - Comprised of fibres of inferior pharyngeal constrictor, influenced under swallowing reflex

Lower (physiological) oesophageal sphincter - Functional due to angle of entry into cardia of stomach

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47
Q

Dysfunction of the lower oesophageal sphincter can cause what disease?

A

G.O.R.D
May lead to Barrett’s oesophagus and cancer predisposition

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48
Q

Detail the Histological layers of the Oesophagus?

A

Mucosal membrane: Epithelium - Lamina Propria - Muscularis Mucosae (Smooth)

Submucosa

Muscularis externa - Inner circular layer - Outer longitudinal layer

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49
Q

What are the two functions of deglutition?

A

Swallowing: Food to stomach
Prevention of food to stomach

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50
Q

Name the 3 phases of swallowing?

A

Oral, pharyngeal, oesophageal

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51
Q

Describe the oral phase of swallowing?

A

Food moved to posterior
Liquid remains in mouth - in front of pillars

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52
Q

Describe the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A

Soft palate raises
Depression of epiglottis
Vocal cord contraction
Upper oesophageal sphincter relaxes

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53
Q

Describe the oesophageal phase of swallowing?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter contracts to move bolus forward
Peristaltic action
Lower sphincter relaxes - admitting bolus into stomach

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54
Q

Name a clinical pathology associated with swallowing?

A

Dysphagia - difficulty swallowing
Due to neuromuscular disease

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55
Q

Name a clinical pathology associated with oesophagus formation in neonates?

A

Tracheooesophageal fistula
1 in 2000/4000 live births
Most common variant: A

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56
Q

What forms the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

Diaphragm

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57
Q

State the nerve that supplys diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3,4,5)

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58
Q

List the 9 divisions of the abdomen?

A
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59
Q

Describe the anatomical position of the stomach?

A

Left hypochondrium - Epigastric region
Anterior - Superior: Liver, lower robs, Diaphragm
Posterior - Inferior: Diaphragm, spleen, kidney (L), adrenal gland, pancrease

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60
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A

Retention of food
Mixing of gastric juices
Chemical and mechanical functions

61
Q

Name the secretory cells of the stomach and associated secretion?

A

Mucus secreting cells - luminal surface and gastric pits (alkaline)
Chief (zymogenic ) cells - Pepsinogen (Activated by HCL)
Parietal (Oxyntic) cells - HCL and intrinsic factor
G cells (Endocrine cells) - Gastrin

62
Q

Detail the blood supply of the stomach? Draw this out?

A

Coeliac trunk → Common Hepatic → Right gastric

Coeliac trunk → Left gastric

Coeliac trunk → Common Hepatic → Gastroduodenal → Right gastroepiploic

Coeliac trunk → Splenic → Left gastroepiploic

Coeliac trunk → Splenic → Short

63
Q

Name three surgical weight loss interventions/surgeries available

A

Gastric band
Gastric bypass
Sleeve gastrectomy

64
Q

What are the folds called on stomach inner lining?

A

Rugae

65
Q

What is the material called when it is churned up in stomach?

A

Chyme

66
Q

Name types of stomach cells

A

1: Parietal cells
2: cheif cells

67
Q

Name the anatomical regions?

A

1-Cardia
2-Fundus
3- Body
4-Pylorus

68
Q

What attaches onto the greater curvature of the stomach

A

Greater omentum

69
Q

What greater omentum contained?

A

Adipose tissue
Lymphatics
Blood vessels
Nerves

70
Q

The role of greater omentum

A

Encases infection

71
Q

What is the function of the Alimentary system?

A

Digestion & Absorption

72
Q

Name the 2 groups of organs that carry out this function?

A

Digestive tract & accessory organs (Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder)

73
Q

Describe the features of the pharynx?

A

Muscular tube approximately 12-15cm in length

74
Q

Describe the function of the pharynx?

A

Alows passage of food and air, making up alimentary & respiratory system

75
Q

What follows from the pharynx (Alimentary)?

A

Oesophagus

76
Q

What is the name for food/drink following churning by the stomach?

A

Chyme

77
Q

What is the name given to the tight muscular structure mediating chyme transfer from stomach to small intestine?

A

Pyloric Sphincter

78
Q

What three parts make up the small intestine? (In order)

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

79
Q

What five parts make up the large intestine? (In order)

A

Caecum, ascending/traverse/descending colon, rectum, anus

80
Q

Name the three layers that make up the mucosa membrane of the GI system?

A

Epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosae

81
Q

What tissue type makes up the muscularis mucosae?

A

Smooth muscle tissue (Continuous through entire GIT)

82
Q

What layers lie beneath the the mucosa in the GIT?

A

Submucosa, Muscularis propria, adventitia/serosa

83
Q

What tissue type makes up the muscularis propria and give its function?

A

Smooth muscle tissue, responsible for peristalsis

84
Q

What are the differences between adventitia and serosa?

A

Adventitia - outer layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding organ

Serosa - Present in fixed parts of GIT, secretes serous fluid to reduce friction

85
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the oral cavity, pharynx and oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium (Non-keratinizing)

86
Q

Why is St.S epithelium beneficial in various parts of alimentary system?

A

Can withstand repeated trauma from food/drink

87
Q

What does GORD stand for?

A

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (Acid reflux)

88
Q

What can continued reflux and inflammation cause?

A

Barrett’s oesophagus

89
Q

What does Barrett’s oesophagus include?

A

Metaplasia (St.S Epithelium to Simple columnar)
Can lead to dysplasia (Abnormal growth/development)
Predispose oesophageal cancer

90
Q

Where does epithelium type change from St.S to Si.C?

A

Gastro-oesophageal junction

91
Q

What apical specialisation is present on Si.C epithelium in the small intestine?

A

Miro-Villi

92
Q

What clinical condition affects villi?

A

Coeliac disease

93
Q

Describe the basis of coeliac disease?

A

Autoimmune attack on tissues when consuming gluten, causing villous atrophy, hyperplasia of crypts and increased inflammatory response

94
Q

What is the function of the large intestine epithelium?

A

Water absorption, mucous secretion

95
Q

What is the advantage of mucous secretion in the large intestine?

A

Ensures indigestible material passes towards rectum/anal canal and epithelium is not damaged

96
Q

What are the invaginations of the large intestine known as?

A

Colonic crypts (Intestinal glands)

97
Q

Name two variants of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative colitis

98
Q

List the 5 Alimentary activities?

A

Secretion (Lubrication/Digestive)
Digestion (Mechanical/Chemical)
Motility (Peristalsis/smooth muscle)
Absorption (Small/large intestine)
Excretion (Faeces)

99
Q

Where is Bile produced and stored?

A

Produced - Liver
Stored - Gall bladder

100
Q

Where is Bile secreted?

A

Duodenum

101
Q

State 3 areas aiding motility in the Alimentary system?

A

Mouth (Chewing/swallowing)
Stomach (Churning)
Intestine (Peristalsis)

102
Q

What functional categories are present for the mouth?

A

Sensory, Motility, Other

103
Q

What are the 3 general sensory functions of the mouth?

A

Nociception (Pain)
Mechanoreception (Movement)
Thermoreceptor (Temperature)

104
Q

What is the special sensory function of the mouth?

A

Gustation (Taste)

105
Q

What are the two motor functions of the mouth?

A

Feeding (Breakdown/Swallowing)
Communication

106
Q

What are the 3 other functions of the mouth?

A

Salivation (Protect/Lubricate/Digestion)
Lymphoid tissue
Reflexes

107
Q

List the anatomical boundaries of the mouth?

A

Anterior - lips
Lateral - Cheeks
Inferior - Mylohyoid (Forms floor of oral cavity), tongue
Superior - Palate
Posterior - Fauces (Pillars)

108
Q

List the 3 major salivary glands and the type of secretion produced?

A

Parotid - Serous
Submandibular - Seromucinous (Mixed)
Sublingual (Mucinous)

109
Q

List 3 exocrine secretions associated with the mouth?

A

Salt + water
Mucous
A-Amylase

110
Q

Name 3 clinical oral pathologies associated with the salivary glands?

A

Mumps - paramyxovirus, enlarged parotid gland
Sialolithiasis - Salivary gland stones (Common in submandibular)
Sialoadenitis -inflammation of the salivary gland

111
Q

What is the function of temporalis ?

A

Elevation and retraction of mandible

112
Q

Site of the Major duodenal papilla

A

Duodenum Descending part (second part)

113
Q

What are the two key functions of the pancreas?

A

Digestion (99%) -Exocrine gland
Hormonal (1%)- Endocrine portion

114
Q

What is the name give to a functional group of pancreatic cells responsible for hormone secretion?

A

Islets of Langerhans

115
Q

Detail the various types of cells comprised within the islets of Langerhans and their appropriate secretions?

A

Alpha cells - (15% - Glucagon)
Beta cells - (80% - Insulin)
Delta cells - Somatostatin

116
Q

What are the functions of Insulin, glucagon and Somatostatin respectively?

A

Insulin - Promotes glucose absorption and storage via conversion to glycogen

Glucagon - Coverts stored glycogen into glucose - to raise blood glucose levels

Somatostatin - Reduces acid secretion & slows down digestive process

117
Q

What is the name given to the functional unit that serves a digestive/exocrine role in the pancreas?

A

Acinus (Acini) - Lobulated serous glands

118
Q

What is the function of pancreatic acini?

A

Secretes: digestive enzymes - from acinus, Bicarbonate - from ducts

119
Q

Detail the enzyme secretions from pancreatic acini

A

Acini (digestive) Enzymes:

  • Amylase - Starch → sugars
  • Lipase - Fats → Monoglycerides & Fatty acids
  • Trypsin, chymotrypsin - Hydrolyses proteins (-inogen Inactive form)
  • nucleases - Breakdown of nucleotides
120
Q

Detail the exocrine secretion pathway (From Acini - biliary duct) in the pancreas?

A

Acini → Intercalated ducts → Intralobular duct → Pancreatic duct → Biliary duct

121
Q

What are centro-acinar cells and their function?

A

Spindle shaped extensions of intercalated ducts into each acinus - secrete Bicarbonate and Mucin

122
Q

What are the 5 constituent parts of the pancreas?

A
123
Q

List 5 key functions of the liver?

A

Metabolism
- material absorbed from G.I.T.
- storage of glycogen
- release of glucose
Protein synthesis
Inactivation of hormones, drugs
Excretion of waste
Produces bile

124
Q

Detail the anatomical position of the liver?

A

Sarts at right hypochondrium and extends across the epigastrium into the left hypochondrium (1-3)

125
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A

Right, Quadrate (Inferior), Caudate (Superior), Left

126
Q

Name the 2 ligaments of the liver?

A

Round ligament - Remnant of umbilical vein - sometimes continuous with ligament venosum

Falciform ligament - Embryological remnant of ventral mesentery - attaches intestines to posterior abdominal wall

127
Q

Name A and B

A

A: Falciform ligament
B: Round ligament

128
Q

Name the arteries/veins responsible for inflow of blood into the liver?

A

Hepatic artery (25%)
Hepatic portal vein (75%)

129
Q

Where is Bile produced?

A

Liver: Hexagonal hepatic lobules → Contain Hepatocytes → produce bile

130
Q

What does bile contain?

A
  • Lipid emulsifiers (Bile salts) - aids cholesterol metabolism and fat soluble vitamin absorption (A,D,E,K)
  • Bilirubin - Waste from RBC metabolism (Gives faeces brown colour)
  • Has antioxidant effects
131
Q

Detail the Bile workflow (Synthesis - Storage - Secretion)

A
  • Synthesised in liver →
  • Flow to gall bladder: from intrahepatic ducts → (L+R) extrahepatic ducts → common hepatic duct → Up Cystic duct →
  • Stored and concentrated in gall bladder →
  • High fatty content detected - Cholecystokinin (Hormone)
  • Stimulating release of bile via Cystic duct → common bile duct →
  • Released alongside pancreatic secretions via major duodenal papilla
132
Q

Name the 3 constituent parts of the gall bladder?

A
133
Q

Where does blood flow come from to form the Hepatic portal vein?

A

Venous drainage from abdominal organs (GIT, Pancreas, Spleen) to liver
HPV formed from → Superior mesenteric Vein + Splenic Vein (All tributaries)
Not a true vein - conducts blood to liver (rather than heart)

134
Q

Detail the passage of blood out of the liver?

A

Sinusoids → Central vein → Hepatic Vein → Abdominal Vena cava

135
Q

Detail the passage of Bile out of the liver?

A

Bile flows in opposite direction - Bile canaliculus → Bile duct → E.C.T

136
Q

Name the constituents of the portal triad?

A

Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Bile duct

137
Q

Name 4 pathologies associated with the liver?

A

Hepatomegaly – Enlarged liver (Signs of underlying liver complicaitons)

Cirrhosis – Scarring/fibrosis (Inflammation or chronic alcoholism)

Obstructive jaundice – cancer or gall stones

Hepatic carcinoma – primary liver caner

138
Q

The difference between Taenia coli and Haustra?

A

Taenia coli - Longitudinal layer of muscularis externa\ Present on ascending, transverse and descending portions
Haustra -Circular layer of muscularis externa

139
Q

Where does the Appendice epiploicae present ?

A

Mainly present on transverse & sigmoid colon (Not rectum)

140
Q

The function of Rectal valves

A

Support weight of faeces; slowing movement to anus (Contain circular muscle)

141
Q

The different between Internal and External sphincter

A

Internal sphincter - Involuntary control - Smooth muscle

External sphincter - Voluntary control - Skeletal muscle

142
Q

Barium enema

A

Used to diagnose large intestinal disorders e.g. Colonic tumours, polyps, diverticula

143
Q

Epithelium of Large intestine

A
  • Simple columnar (Goblet cells)
  • Lieberkühn - intestinal crypts
  • Mucosal glands - Mucus
144
Q

Key differences between L.I and S.I

A
  • No villi
  • Incomplete longitudinal muscle - Taenia coli - Mediates peristalsis
  • Ring like arrangement of circular muscle - Haustrae - Mediates peristalsis
145
Q

Function of colon

A
  • 0.5 - 1.0 Litres of chyme enters L.I from Ileum
  • Colon absorbs fluid and electrolytes from chyme
146
Q

What is Intestinal flora and what is role?

A

Resident microbial populations in L.I with various roles:

  • Ferment dietary fibre (cellulose) and lipid
  • Vitamin synthesise - B complex & K
  • Produces gases - ‘flatus’
147
Q

The reasons and the results of Diarrhoea

A

Reasons:
Duo to an infection in the G.I.T which result in less mixing and less fluid absorption

Results:
Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalance

148
Q

The reason of constipation

A

Associated with G.I.T. spasm and increased fluid absorption or side effect of some drugs e.g. opiate

Human Systems (5 decks)

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