Nervous System

Question 1

describe the structure function of the parts of a neuron

Answer 1

the neuron is composed of
① a cell body which is the integrating center that processes info
② branched dendrites which bring in incoming info to the neuron from other neurons , receptors , etc.
③ axon which carries outgoing info to send to other neurons, target cells ,etc 1- carry APs

Question 2

Central Nervous System

Answer 2

Brains & Spinal Cord

Question 3

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 3

All outside CNS

Question 4

Sensory/Afferent Division

Answer 4

Signals to CNS

Question 5

Motor/Efferent Division

Answer 5

Signals from CNS

Question 6

Visceral Sensory

Answer 6

Internal Conditions

Question 7

Somatosensory

Answer 7

Touch, pain, temp., etc.

Question 8

Visceral Motor

Answer 8

Autonomic System

Question 9

Somatic Motor

Answer 9

Skeletal Muscles

Question 10

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 10

Fight or Flight

Question 11

Parasympathetic Nervous system

Answer 11

Rest and Digest

Question 12

Dendrites

Answer 12

Incoming information

Question 13

Cell body

Answer 13

Integrating center

Question 14

Axon

Answer 14

Outgoing information

Question 15

Types of Neurons (Location)

Answer 15

Central
Cell body in central nervous system
Peripheral
Cell body in peripheral nervous system

Question 16

Types of Neurons (Function)

Answer 16

Sensory/Afferent
Carry information to central nervous system
Interneuron
Located entirely within central nervous system
Motor/Efferent
Carry information away from central nervous system

Question 17

Neuroglia

Answer 17

Neural support Cells

Question 18

Astrocytes (CNS)

Answer 18

Assist in neuron growth
Help provide neurons with energy
Form blood-brain barrier
Maintain ECF homeostasis

Question 19

Ependymal cells (CNS)

Answer 19

Line fluid-filled compartments

Question 20

Microglia (CNS)

Answer 20

Immune cells

Question 21

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

Answer 21

Produce myelin

Question 22

Satellite cells (PNS)

Answer 22

Similar to astrocytes

Question 23

Schwann cells (PNS)

Answer 23

Produce myelin

Question 24

Myelin

Answer 24

Phospholipid membrane wrapped around axons
Provides insulation
Increases action potential transmission speed

Question 25

White matter

Answer 25

Covered by myelin Axons

Question 26

Gray matter

Answer 26

Not covered by myelin Cell bodies, dendrites & some axons

Question 27

Discuss differences in axon regeneration in the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS).

Answer 27

in the CNS , axon regeneration does not occur because of chemicals secreted by glia , damage may be permanent. in the PNS , the axon area below the injury degrades while the area above regenerates

Question 28

Explain the difference between electrical and chemical synapses.

Answer 28

electrical synapses occur when the neurons or cells are connected by gap junctions , allowing the electrical signal to flow from one cell to the other ↳Usually found in CNS and glial cells Chemical synapses are when cells are separated by a cleft, preventing an electrical signal from crossing .a neurotransmitter (chemical signal) must cross the cleft to cause change

Question 29

Describe the steps in chemical synaptic transmission.

Answer 29

an action potential spreads down axon and triggers Ca++ entry , which triggers exocytosis of neurotransmitter . Neurotransmitter crosses synaptic cleft and binds to receptor. This can change ion concentration. Or active 2 messenger.

Question 30

Compare small-molecule neurotransmitters to neuropeptides. Give actions of the following small molecule neurotransmitters: acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, glutamate, glycine, nitric oxide, norepinephrine, and serotonin.

Answer 30

small molecule neurotransmitters are generally rapidly acting and are simple to make , created in the presynaptic terminals . They usually function as ligands to open or close ion channels Neuropeptide (slowly acting) Generally synthesized in cell body Generally alter metabolism in cells Growth factors Hormones

Question 31

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Answer 31

Involved in many motor signals Usually excitatory

Question 32

Glutamate

Answer 32

Involved in many sensory pathways Usually excitatory

Question 33

Norepinephrine (NE)

Answer 33

Brain stem/hypothalamus Sympathetic system Usually excitatory

Question 34

Nitric oxide (NO)

Answer 34

Changes intracellular metabolism

Question 35

Dopamine

Answer 35

Basal ganglia Usually inhibitory

Question 36

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Answer 36

Spinal cord, cortex, cerebellum Usually inhibitory

Question 37

Glycine

Answer 37

Spinal cord synapses Usually inhibitory

Question 38

Serotonin

Answer 38

Brain stem Usually inhibitory

Question 39

Describe transport of materials up and down an axon.

Answer 39

axonal transport is the movement of things between the cell body and the axon. Transport can be slow ( cytoplasmic flow) or (relative] fast, using the motor proteins dyenin and kinesin to transport . Movement can be intergrade (Toward axon terminal ) or retrograde (Toward cell body).

Question 40

Slow transport

Answer 40

Cytoplasmic flow

Question 41

Fast transport

Answer 41

Motor proteins carrying vesicles along microtubules

Question 42

Anterograde movement

Answer 42

Toward axon terminal

Question 43

Retrograde movement

Answer 43

Toward cell body

Question 44

Ionotropic receptors

Answer 44

receptors open or close ion channels to alter concentration. (small molecule neurotransmitters)

Question 45

Metabotropic

Answer 45

Change metabolism in cell Generally GPCRs Also enzyme-linked receptors

Question 46

Describe generation of inhibitory post synaptic potentials (IPSPs) and excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs) and explain how they can initiate or inhibit an action potential.

Answer 46

EPSPS and IPSPS are graded potentials that usually occur as input signals on dendrites or cell bodies . EPSPS depolarize , and when summed can lead to an AP. IPSPs lead to re/hyper - polarization and can inhibit an AP when summed . These signals decay over time due to lack of Na++ channels.

Question 47

Describe summation in a neuron.

Answer 47

summation is when graded potentials (ipsp or epsp) combine to either initiate or inhibit an AP. Summation can be temporal ; several graded potentials at same time or spatial ; several graded potentials over multiple neurons