Introductory Material

Question 1

Define anatomy and physiology

Answer 1

Anatomy- Structure of Body
Physiology- Function of Body

Question 2

Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain their relationships to each other.

Answer 2

Chemical
Molecular
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organismal

Question 3

List the physiological systems of the body, their major organs, and their functions

Answer 3

Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Immune/Lymphatic
Digestive
Reproductive
Cardiovascular
Urinary
Respiratory
Endocrine
Nervous

Question 4

Define homeostasis and explain its importance.

Answer 4

The ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment, despite any changes in the external environment

When homeostasis is disrupted, illness – and potentially death – can be the result.

Question 5

Local Control (Autocrine)

Answer 5

Cell acting chemically on itself.

Question 6

Local Control (Paracrine)

Answer 6

Cell acting chemically on close by cell.

Question 7

Long Distance/Reflex Control (Endocrine)

Answer 7

structure acting chemically on
other structures faraway

Question 8

Long Distance/Reflex Control (Nervous)

Answer 8

structure acting chemically or electrically on other
structures far

Question 9

Reflex Components

Answer 9

Stimulus
Detector/receptor
Input signal
Integrating center
Output signal
Target
Response

Question 10

Negative feedback

Answer 10

Response reduces or eliminates original stimulus

Question 11

Positive feedback

Answer 11

Response enhances original stimulus

Question 12

Mass Balance

Answer 12

Amount of substance ”X” in body
= Amount taken in + amount produced – amount excreted – amount used (metabolism)

Question 13

Extracellular Compartment

Answer 13

Two compartments
Interstitial fluid
Found around/between cells
Plasma
Liquid portion of blood
Higher in Na+
Higher in Cl-
Higher in Ca++

Plasma is higher in protein than interstitial fluid, which has very low protein levels

Question 14

Intracellular Compartment

Answer 14

Also called cytosol
Higher in K+
Higher in Mg++
Higher in HPO4-
Higher in SO4-
Contains proteins

Question 15

Compare and contrast the ICF and ECF , including relative
ion concentrations

Answer 15

The ICF is fluid in the cell , high in potassium ,hydrogen phosphate
The ECF is fluid outside of the cell , with subcompartments
interstitial fluid and plasma thigh in proteins).
The ECF is
high in calcium ,
sodium , and chlorine.

Question 16

Membrane transport

Answer 16

movement of substances from one side of a membrane to the other.

Question 17

Passive Transport

Answer 17

Does not use energy/ATP
Always involves movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
Diffusion
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis

Question 18

Factors that Affect Diffusion Rate

Answer 18

Molecular Size
Lipid Solubility
Surface Area
Membrane Thickness
Concentration Gradient
Temperature

Question 19

Effect of increasing factor on diffusion rate

Answer 19

Molecular Size – decrease
Lipid Solubility - increase
Surface Area - increase
Membrane Thickness - decrease
Concentration Gradient - increase
Temperature - increase

Question 20

Active Transport

Answer 20

Active transport always involves use of energy/ATP
Primary (1o) active transport
Uses ATP directly
Secondary (2o) active transport
Uses ATP indirectly
Moving vesicles within cell
Moving substances across cell membranes
Membrane carriers and pumps
Endocytosis and exocytosis of vesicles

Question 21

Peripheral

Answer 21

attached to the extracellular face or intracellular face of the membrane

Question 22

Integral

Answer 22

embedded in plasma membrane

Question 23

Channels

Answer 23

open to both sides at once

Question 24

Carriers

Answer 24

open to only one side at a time

Question 25

Receptors

Answer 25

Send signals in response to ligand binding Receptors can also be channels

Question 26

Membrane Channels

Answer 26

Open/leaky Gated Ligand gated (receptor channels) Mechanically gated Voltage gated

Question 27

Membrane Receptors

Answer 27

Channel receptors Integrin receptors Enzyme-linked receptors G protein-coupled receptors

Question 28

Membrane Potential

Answer 28

Separation of charges Polarized (like a battery) Dependent on Ion concentrations (inside/outside cell) Membrane permeability to ions Channels Carriers

Question 29

Factors Affecting Ion Movement

Answer 29

Permeability of membranes to ion Concentration gradient of ion Electrical gradient

Question 30

How will the membrane potential change if: Sodium ions (Na+) enter the cell?

Answer 30

Positive charges enter the cell Intracellular fluid (ICF) was -70mV compared to the interstitial fluid ICF becomes more positive (-60mV, -50mV, -40mV, etc.) As the inside becomes more like the outside, there is less separation of charge; the membrane potential is decreased (even though the number is becoming more positive) Called depolarization

Question 31

How will the membrane potential change if: Chloride ions (Cl-) enter the cell?

Answer 31

Negative charges enter the cell ICF becomes more negative If starting at resting membrane potential Hyperpolarization If starting from a depolarized state Repolarization

Question 32

Action Potentials (APs)

Answer 32

A rapid change in membrane potential that is propagated along the membrane of an excitable cell Electrical signal Requires voltage gated channels to propagate it Na+ and K+ channels

Question 33

Refractory Period

Answer 33

This period ensures action potentials only travel in one direction out from the origin (not backwards) Absolute refractory period Na+ inactivation gates closed Impossible for a new AP to start Prevents “circular” signaling Relative refractory period Strong stimulus could lead to AP