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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Basic unit of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Structure of a neuron

S D A M S R AT

A
  1. Soma
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axons
  4. Myelin sheaths
  5. Schwann cells
  6. Node of Ranvier
  7. Axon terminals
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3
Q

Structure of a neuron

Contains the nucleus and other organelles

A

Soma

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4
Q

Structure of a neuron

Recieves stimuli

A

Dendrites

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5
Q

Structure of a neuron

sends nerve impluses

A

Axons

Axoplasm - cytoplasm of neurons
Axolemna - plasma membrane of a neuron

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6
Q

Types of neurons

M S A

A
  1. Motor neurons
  2. Senrory neurons
  3. Association neurons
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7
Q

Types of neurons

transmit sensory impulses

afferent neurons

A

Sensory neurons

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8
Q

Types of neurons

Sends nerve impulses from CNS to effectors to produce a response

efferent

A

Motor neurons

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9
Q

Types of neurons

sends impulses from sensory to motor neurons

A

Association neurons

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10
Q

Structure of a neuron

Interrupt continuous conduction of a nerve impulse along the axon

A

Schwann cell

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11
Q

Process where nerve bunbles are wrapped in myelin sheaths

A

Myelination

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12
Q

Result of electrical change in a neuron’s membrane

A

nerve impulse

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13
Q

Difference of electrical charge between outside and inside the membrane

A

Polarized

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14
Q

Maintaining excess Na outside the membrane and K inside the membrane

A

Polarization

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15
Q

What is maintained outside the membrane?
What is maintained inside the membrane?

*during polarization

A
  1. Na (Sodium)
  2. K (Potassium)
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16
Q

channels where ions can pass through and that open in response to neurotransmitters

A

gated channels

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17
Q

Key events of nerve impulse transmission

A
  1. Resting potential
  2. Graded potential
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18
Q

Key events of nerve impulse transmission

Polarized state if a neuron

A

Resting potential

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19
Q

Key events of nerve impulse transmission

  • Change to resting potential in response to a stimulus
  • Causes Na and K channels to open
A

Graded potential

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20
Q

Graded potential

What happens if Na channels open?

A

Depolarization

more positive environment

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21
Q

Graded potential

What happens id K channels are open?

A

Hyperpolarization

Creates a more negative environment

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22
Q

Initiation of a nerve impulse

A D R H

A
  1. Action potential
  2. Depolarization
  3. Repolarization
  4. Hyperpolarization
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23
Q

Initiation of a nerve impulse

Na channels open until enough open for the neuron to depolarize

A

Action potential

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24
Q

Initiation of a nerve impulse

Opening of K gates to repolarize the neuron. Na gates close

A

Repolarization

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25
Q

Initiation of a nerve impulse

More K move out to establish original polaized potential

A

Hyperpolarization

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26
Q

Initiation of a nerve impulse

Na and K are reestablished to their original distribution through Na/K pumps to ready neuron for another stimulus

A

Refractory stage

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27
Q

gap between neuronor between neurons and muscles

A

synapses

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28
Q

Diffusion of chemicals through synapses

A
  1. depolarization and Ca gates open
  2. Release of a neurotransmitter into the synapses via synaptic vescicles merging with presynaptic membrane
  3. Neurotransmitter binds with postsynaptic receptors after diffusing across the synapse
    4.Postsynaptic membrane excites and either produces depolarization or polarization
    5.Neurotransmitters are degraded or recycled or reabsorbed
    6.Cycle repeats
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29
Q

Common neurotransmitters

A
  1. Acetycholine (ACh)
  2. Epinephrine, norepineprhine (NE), dopamin, serotonin
  3. Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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30
Q

composed of axons and dendrites

A

Nerve fibers

31
Q

myelinated axons of central nervous system

A

white matter

32
Q

unmyelinated neurons and neuroglia in the CNS

A

Gray matter

33
Q

cluster of cell bodies in the CNS

A

Nuclei

34
Q

cluster of cell bodies in PNS

A

Ganglia

35
Q

Parts of the nervous system

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal cord
  3. nerves
36
Q

Anatomy of the brain

Convolutions of the brain

A
  1. Gyrus - elevatd ridges
  2. sulcus - grooves between gyri
37
Q

Anatomy of the brain

  • most visible part of the brain
  • connected by the corpus collosum
A

Cerebrum

38
Q

Layers of the cerebrum

A
  1. Cerebral cortex (gray matter)
  2. Cerebral white matter
  3. Basal ganglia (pockets of gray matter deep within cerebral white matter)
39
Q

Anatomy of the brain

Lobes of the brain

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
  • motor strip
  • sensory strip
  • Broca strip
  • Wernicke area
40
Q

Lobes of the brain

Personality, judgement, intelligence

A

Frontal lobe

Broca’s strip - speaking and writing
Motor strip - voluntary body movement

41
Q

Lobes of the brain

language, sensory stimuli, spacial and visual perception

A

Parietal lobe

Sensory strip - touch, pain, temperature

41
Q

Lobes of the brain

memory, hearing, organization

A

Temporal lobe

Wernicke’s area - understanding language

42
Q

Lobes of the brain

vision

A

Occipital lobe

43
Q

Deep strucutres of the brain

  • governs function of other glands
  • Regulates hormones
  • recieves signals from hypothalamus
A

Pituitary gland

44
Q

Deep structures of the brain

  • sends signals to the pituitary gland
  • regulates tempetature, skeep cycle, hunger and thirst
A

Hypothalamus

45
Q

Deep structures of the brain

  • respond to light and dark
  • secretes melatonin for cicardian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle
A

Pineal gland

46
Q

Deep structures of the brain

  • emotion and memory
  • flight or fight response
  • reward system
A

Amygdala

47
Q

Anatomy of the brain

  • Cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid
  • Absorbs physical shocks to the brain
  • distributes nutrients and removes awaste of nervous tissue
A

Ventricles

  1. Lateral ventricles
  2. Cerebral aquaduct
  3. Interventricular Formina
  4. 3rd ventricle
  5. 4th ventricle
  6. Central canal

Choroid plexus - cappilaries filtering out blood plasma in ventricles

48
Q

Anatomy of the brian

Protective cover of the brain and spinal cord

A

Meninges

49
Q

Layers of the meninges

A
  1. Skull
  2. Epidural space
  3. Dura
  4. Subdural space
  5. Arachnoid
  6. Subarachnoid space
  7. Pia matter
50
Q

Layers of the meninges

tough outer layer inside the skull

A

Dura

Dural sheath - dura surrounding spinal cord

51
Q

Layers of the meninges

  • Transports CSF from subarachnoid space to dural sinuses
  • have villi
A

Arachnoid matter

52
Q

Layers of the meninges

lays between arachnoid and dura

A

Subdural space

53
Q

Layers of the meninges

  • space inside the arachnoid matter
  • contains vessels
  • circulates CSF
A

Subarachnoid space

54
Q

Layers of the meninges

  • tightly covers the brain and spinal cord
  • contain blood vessels that nourish the brain
A

Pia matter

55
Q
  • Allows certain materials to pass through the brain’s blood vessels
  • allows entrance to O2, water, CO2, essential amino acids and lipids
A

Blood-brain barrier

56
Q

Establishing the barrier

A
  1. Less permeable brain capillaries
  2. Basal lamina surronding the brain affecting permeability
  3. Astrocytes covering the brain capillaries and affecitng permeability
57
Q

Cranial nerves

A
  1. Olfactory - smell
  2. Optic - sight
  3. Oculamotor - eye and pupil movement
  4. trochlear - eye movement
  5. trigeminal - face sensation
  6. abducens - eye movement
  7. facial - facial movement and salavation
  8. vestibulocochlear - hearing and balance
  9. glossopharyngual - taste and swallowing
  10. vagus - heart rate and digestion
  11. accessory - head movement
  12. hypoglossal - tongue movement
58
Q

Brain stem

A
  1. Pons
  2. Medulla oblongata
  3. Spinal cord
59
Q

Brain stem

relays and regulates pain signals

A

Pons

60
Q

Braint stem

manages automatic processes

A

Medulla oblongata

61
Q

Brain stem

  • sends motor commands to the body
  • sends sensory commands from body to the brain
  • begins at the foramen magnus
A

Spinal cord

Conus medullaris - tapering point of the cord at L1 vertebrae
Filum terminale - holds cord in position at its inferior end; extension of the pia matter attached to the coccyx
denticulate ligaments - lateral extension of pia matter attached to dural sheath; holds spinal cord in vertebral canal

62
Q

Spinal cord plexus groups

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Lumbar
  3. Brachial
  4. Sacral
63
Q

Spinal nerves

A
  • 31 pairs
  • emerges from spinal column through intervertebral foramen (except first spinal nerve as they emerge between occipital bone and atlas)
64
Q

Nerve divisions

A
  1. Dorsal ramus
  2. Ventral ramus
  3. Meningeal ramus
  4. Rami communicantus
65
Q

Nerve divisions

nerves serving as the dorsal portion of the trunk

A

Dorsal ramus

66
Q

Nerve divisions

nerves serving as ventral portion

A

Ventral ramus

67
Q

Nerve divisions

serves as meninges and blood vessels

A

Meningeal ramus

68
Q

Nerve divisions

contains automatic nerves that serve as visceral function

A

rami assocciates

69
Q

Nervous system organization

A
  1. Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
  2. Peripheral nervous system nerves supplying the body
70
Q

Automatic nervous system

controls cardiac and smooth muscles and glands
monitors visceral organs
provides info for CNS

A
  1. Sympathetic nervous system
  2. Parasympathetic nervous system
71
Q

Automatic nervou system

  • Fight or flight response
  • stimulats heart rate, dialation of bronchioles and blood vessels
A

Sympathetic nervous system

Thoracolumbar division

72
Q

Automatic nervous system

  • inhibits body’s excited state
  • active during digestion and rest
A

Parasympathetic nervous system

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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