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Biology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Two parts of Nervous System

A

-CNS (brain, spinal chord)
-Peripheral NS (all other neurones that connect CNS to rest of the body)

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2
Q

Two parts of PNS

A

-Somatic nervous system
-Autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

Function of somatic NS

A

under conscious control, voluntary actions
single neurone links SNS to effector
Neurones are myelinated along axon
NT released by motor neurones= acetylcholine

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4
Q

Function of Autonomic NS

A

under subconscious control, involuntary actions eg (heartbeat)
2 neurones link CNS and effectors- connected via ganglion
Myelinated until ganglion, unmyelinated after
pre ganglionic NT= ach

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5
Q

ANS further divided into:

A

Parasympathetic NS (decreases activity)
postganglionic NT: ach

Sympathetic NS (increases activity)
postganglionic NT: noradrenaline

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6
Q

Parasymoatehtic NS nerve

A

Vagus nerve

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7
Q

Sympathetic NS nerve

A

sympathetic nerve

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8
Q

5 regions of the brain

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, pituitary gland

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9
Q

Cerebrum role

A

-consists of 2 hemispheres
-controls conscious thoughts, language, emotional responses etc

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10
Q

cerebellum

A

controls muscle coordination, balance & posture, reflexes

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11
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Controls autonomic activities in body eg. heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure etc

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12
Q

Hypothalamus

A

homeostasis

osmoregulation

Production of hormones which are then stored in the posterior pituitary gland

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13
Q

Pituitary gland function

A

-Posterior: stores & secretes hormones produced by hypothalamus

-Anterior: produces & secretes hormones

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14
Q

What is an axon

A

singular elongated nerve fibre
Transmits nerve impulses AWAY (a for axon) from cell body

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15
Q

Importance of myelin sheath

A

Made of Schwann cells WRAPPED AROUND AXON
Insulate the axon
Makes it impermeable to Na and K ions, SO ions cannot pass in and out of neurone
There are small gaps- Nodes of Ranvier
These gaps are sites of depolarisation
Enable saltary conduction
Therefore faster conduction of the nerve impulse

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16
Q

Action potential def

A

the change in electrical potential with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a neurone

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17
Q

what is resting potential

A

when a neurone is not transmitting an impulse or action potential

18
Q

outline the procedure of an action potential

A
  1. Resting Potential (-70mV)
    Established by Na/K pump. 3 Na out, 2 K in
  2. Depolarisation
    Stimulus causes Na voltage gated channels to open
    Na diffuse into cell
    Inside more +, even more Na channels open (+ feedback
  3. Action Potential (+30 mv)
    Na channels close, K channels open
    Membrane starts to return to resting potential
  4. Repolarisation
    Na/K pump restores ionic balance
    Time for depolarisation- refractory period
  5. Hyperpolarisation (dip)
    Overshoot of K
    Membrane potential is less than -70
    Pump restores resting potential
19
Q

What is the purpose of the refractory period

A
  • prevents action potential from going in reverse
    -eg. cardiac muscle, refractory period allows time for chambers to refill
20
Q

Why do action potentials travel faster in myelinated

A

-Depolarisation can only occur at nodes of Ranvier
-with myelinated, action potential jumps to the next adjacent node
-so speed of action potential transmission is sped up

21
Q

Factors affecting speed of action potential transmission

A

-Temp (more kinetic energy)
-Axon diameter (less resistance)

22
Q

what is a synapse

A

region between 2 neurones
impulses are transmitted across synapses using diffusion of NT

23
Q

types of NT

A

-excitatory: depolarisation, triggers AP
-inhibitory: hyper polarisation, prevents AP

24
Q

Feature of synaptic knob

A

many mitochondria & SER
voltage gated Ca2+ channels

25
Q

outline the process of synaptic transmission

A

Action potential reaches pre-s knob
Depolarisation causes Ca channels to open
Ca ions flow in
Synaptic vesicles triggered to fuse with pre-membrane
NT released via exocytosis into cleft
NT binds to specific, complementary receptors on post-s membrane
Na+ channels on post-s membrane open
If sufficient open, to overcome threshold value, action potential is generated

26
Q

what happens to NT after synaptic transmission

A

NT broken down by enzymes in the cleft
products reabsorbed by pre-s knob by endocytosis
reformed using ATP & packaged into vesicles to be used next time

27
Q

Why do synapses only allow transmission in one direction

A

Ca ions are only present at the presynaptic membrane

28
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

Increases likelihood of AP occurring
NT causes membrane to become more positive closer to the threshold value

29
Q

Inhibitory postynaptical potential

A

decreases likelihood of AP occurring
NT causes membrane to become more negative & further away from threshold value

30
Q

Summation & control

A

Sometimes NT quantity is low and not enough to excite postsynaptic membrane to a threshold value

-Spatial summation: when several pre-synaptic neurones connect to 1 post-synaptic neurone

-Temporal summation: several sub threshold build up in synapse until quantity is high enough to trigger action potential

31
Q

what is a reflex

A

rapid, involuntary response to a stimuli to prevent harm to body

32
Q

what is the plantar reflex

A

bottom of foot poked
normal: flex down
abnormal: flex up- indicated spinal cord damage

33
Q

pupillary light reflex

A

both pupils should constrict to the same degree- if otherwise, possible damage to optic nerve

34
Q

Advantages of reflexes

A

involuntary
Rapid
Do not have to be learnt

35
Q

aquired brain injury

A

any brain injury after birth

36
Q

how does a stroke occur

A

blood vessel supplying brain becomes blocked

or

blood vessel ruptures & bleeds into the brain

37
Q

when is a patient considered dead

A

when there is no activity in the brain stem

38
Q

how could drugs be used to treat alzeihmers

A

-Cholineesterase inhibitors
-Prevent breakdown of Ach to choline
-inc Ach conc
-inc functioning

39
Q

Causes and symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

due to loss of brain cells that produce dopamine
results in joint rigidity and slow movement

drugs which could be used to treat Parkinson’s: levodopa, dopamine agonists

40
Q

addiction

A

uncontrolled, compulsive behaviour
tolerance builds up- inc quantities required to produce the same effect

41
Q

suggest why a person taking heroin may develop a psychological dependency

A

drug induces a false feeling of well-being
so persons falls into the habit of taking drug to feel good

Biology (18 decks)

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