Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the immune response?

A

a process to respond to a foreign antigen involving the activation of lymphocytes and the production of antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Primary non-speficic denfence

A

-same response irrespective of type of pathogen/ first or second attack
-Prevents invasion by pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Skin

A

-physical barrier that is difficult to penetrate.
-The keratinised protein of dead cells of the epidermis are tough and imprevious
-Production of sebum inhibits growth of pathogens
-Antimicrobial proteins disrupt strucutre and fucntion of microbial cell membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Blood cotting

A

Break in skin is a potential entry point but clotting forms placelet plug to seal wound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tears

A

Contains lysozymes which destroy bacteria & fungal cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

HCl

A

Secreted in stomach lining: acidic so destroys pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mucous membranes

A

-e.g. nasal passages, vagina, trachea etc
-Goblet cells secrete mucin-> mucus
-Mucus traps organisms and also contains lysozymes which destroys bacterial and fungal cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Inflammation

A

-mast cells are activated in damaged tissue
-They releasde histamines, serotonin, prostoglandins and cytokines
-Vasodilation of arterioles & capillary walls become more permeable-> increased blood flow into area and incresed tissue fluid formation
-Cytokines attract phagocytes to wound
-Heat, redness, tenderness, swealling, pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Phagocytosis

A

{phagocytes = neutrophils + macrophages}

-Pathogen produces chemicals & damaged cells release cytokines
-Phagocytes are attracted to cytokines & toxins, thus moving down chem conc gradient by chemotaxis
-Phagocyte recognises a foreign protein on pathogen
-Pathogen attaches to receptors on CSM of phagocyte
-Phagocyte engulfs pathogen via endocytosis into a phagosome
-Phagosome fuses with lysosomes to form a phagolysosome
-Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes (e.g. lysozyme) whihc destroys pathogen
-Hydrolysed products are absorbed by the phagocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Macrohages phagacytosis

A

-After digesting a pathogen, its antigens are presented on the surface of the macrophage and becomes an antigen presenting cell
-These exposed antigens can now stimulate other cells in the specific immune response
-Macrophages are formed from differentiated monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cytokines

A

-Chemicals produced by phagocytes that engulf pathogen
-Act as cell-signalling molecules
-inform other phagocytes that the body is under attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Opsonins

A

Chemical; that bind to pathogens and tag them so that they can be recognised by phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Specific immune response

A

-triggered by surface antigens and targets specific types of pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lymphocytes

A

-small WBC, congregate in lymph nodes
-Are inactive until they come in contact with antigen-> activated, undergo mitosis to form larger clones
-Gain cell surface receptors during the maturation process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are T cells produced and Matured

A

Bone marrow and then Thymus glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

where are B cells produced and matured

A

BOTH bone marrow

17
Q

What are the 4 types of T cells?

A

-T helper cells
Receptors bind to APC
detect antigens and secrete cytokines
Thus stimulates production of T cells, stimulate activity of B cells, stimulates macrophages to ingets pathogens

-T killer cells
Destroys infected cells by producing chemical which makes a hole in the pathogens CSM

-T memory cells
remain and ciruclate in the blood
Co-ordinate response on reinfection by dividing by mitosis to produce T killer

-T regulatory cells
Supress immune system e.g. inhibit ig production in B lymphocytes
Stop immune response once pathogen is eliminated
Make sure body recognises self-antigens

18
Q

what is the function of B cells? what are the 3 types?

A

to search for the antigen that matches their receptors (clonal selection)

stimulated by T helper cells to divide in clonal expansion

-B effector cells: divide by mitosis to form plasma cell clones

-Plasma cells: Produce Ig to a specific antigen

-B memory cells- provide immunological memory-upon reinvasion, divide by mitosis to produce huge numbers of plasma cells

19
Q

Antigen

A

A protein on the surface of a pathogen which triggers an immune response

20
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

-Immune response that does not involve antibodies

-Macrophages engulf pathogens by phagocytosis and become APCs
-Receptors on T helper cells are complementary to antigens on APCs
-They bind together- clonal selection
-T helper cells become activated and produce cytokines
-These stimulate more t cells to divide rapidly by mitosis- clonal expansion

Cloned T cells then: develop into T killer cells, cytokines stimulate phagocytosis and B cells to divide, develop into T memory cells

21
Q

Humoral Immnunity
(B cell activation)

A

-When a pathogen enters the body, B lymphocyte with complementary Ig binds to it & processes it to form APC.
-Activated T helper cells bind to B lymphocyte APC (clonal selection) & activate it to form activated B lymphocyte
-These divide by mitosis into plasma cells & B memory cells (clonal expansion)
-Cloned plasma cells secrete Ig, disable the pathogen

This is a primary immune response- can take 7-14 days to become fully effective and lasts 2 weeks

Secondary immune response upon reinfection- early and rapid

22
Q

Plasma cells have a higher number of:

A

-mitochondria, provide ATP for Ig synthesis
-Ribosomes, inc protein synthesis to produce Ig
-Golgi, RER etc

23
Q

Antibodies

A

-specialised Y shaped glycoproteins called immunoglobulins
-Quarternary structure- made from 4 ppc chains, 2 heavy, 2 light
-Heavy chains held by disulfide bridges
-Constant region- binds to host cell, same for all ig
-Variable region- 2 antigen-binding sites: they are antigen specific

24
Q

How ig works

A

produce antitoxins, by causing clumping to aid engulfing by other macrophages, by precipitation of soluble antigen s

25
Q

Mantoux test

A

-TB
-Tuberculin injected below skin
-If Ig present, skin becomes inflamed and redness appear
-Size of red area is measured
-Large= strong immunity, small=limited, no mark= no immunity

26
Q

HIV 2 tests

A

-Point of care test
Finger brick or mouth swap
result within 11-28 days
test takes 20-40 mins
Unreliable

-Blood sample
detects present of ig and antigens
results within 2-14 days
More accurate and fewer false +/-

27
Q

Allergies

A

-when the immune system responds inappropriately to a harmless allergen
-Produce antibodies to the allergen
-Allergen triggers an immune response
-IgE produced, binds to complementary receptors on mast cells (asymptomatic)
-Upon re-infection, allergen binds to IgE attached to mast cells
-Releases histamine, triggers inflammatory response

28
Q

what are antibodies

A

soluble glycoproteins that bind to complementary antigens on the surface of the pathogen

29
Q

why is a secondary immune response more effective than primary immune response?

A

-Memory cells remain in the blood for long periods of time
-During secondary infection, recognise antigens on the pathogen
-More rapid clonal expansion
-Increased production of antibodies
-Secondary response is faster

30
Q

what is sensitisation?

A

initial contact with the allergen triggers the primary immune response

31
Q

what is the difference between natural and artificial active immunity?

A

natural = primary immune response to natural infection to a pathogen

artificial = deliberate introduction of antigens to stimulate primary immune response (i.e. vaccination)

32
Q

what is active immunity?

A

activation of B and T lymphocytes in response to the presence of pathogenic antigens, resulting in the production of antibodies and memory cells

33
Q

what is passive immunity?

A

no activation of lymphocytes and no memory cells produced

presence of antibodies ONLY

Biology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions