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Anatomy and Physiology 12 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

coordinate and regulate functioning of body’s systems

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2
Q

What is nervous tissue made up of

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

what is the central nervous system made of?

A

includes brain and spinal cord, protected by skull and vertebrae

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4
Q

what is a peripheral nervous system made of?

A

spinal and cranial nerves. Divided into somatic and autonomic

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5
Q

what is somatic

A

controls skeletal muscles

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6
Q

what is autonomic

A

controls smooth muscles

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7
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the nervous system

A

neurons and neuroglia

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8
Q

what do neurons do

A

transmit nerve impulses between parts of nervous system

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9
Q

what do neuroglial cells do

A

support and nourish neurons, maintain homeostasis, and form myelin

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10
Q

what are the three parts of the neuron

A

dendrite, cell body, axon

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11
Q

what does dendrite do

A

carry nerve impulse towards cell body

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12
Q

what does cell body do

A

contain nucleus of cell which maintains cell function

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13
Q

what does axon do

A

carry action potential away from the cell body towards neuron or effector

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14
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

protective sheath that covers axons and dendrites

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15
Q

function of myelin sheath

A

to increase speed of nerve impulse transmission and aid in nerve regeneration

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16
Q

what is myelin

A

lipid made in membrane of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

what are nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between myelin sheaths

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18
Q

what are tracts and nerves

A

tracts: bundles of myelinated axons in CNS

Nerves: bundles of myelinated axons and dendrites in the PNS

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19
Q

what is action potential

A

a nerve impulse

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20
Q

what is resting potential and it’s value

A

when neurons aren’t firing, and the value is 70 mV

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21
Q

what is action potential

A

rapid change in polarity across axonal membrane

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22
Q

what are the steps on action potential

A

depolarization, repolarization, and refractory period

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23
Q

what happens in depolarization

A

the sodium gates open, sodium ions move into neuron, and sodium gates close

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24
Q

What happens in repolarization

A

potassium gates open, potassium ions diffuse out of neuron, and potassium gates close

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25
what happens in the refractory period
ions are on the wrong side of membrane, the sodium-potassium pump restores ion distribution by moving 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in
26
What is the synapse
region where axon of one neuron is close to cell body/dendrite on another
27
what do neurotransmitters do
carry action potential across synaptic cleft
28
what is the process of transmission
notes
29
what is the presynaptic bulb
axon terminal
30
how many neurotransmitters are there
25 identified
31
what is acetylcholine
used in somatic and autonomic systems of the PNS
32
what is norepinophine
used in sympathetic division of autonomic system
33
What enzyme is in the post synaptic membrane used to break down NT's
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
34
what do excitatory NTs do
cause neuron to get closer to threshold
35
what do inhibitory NTs do
cause neuron to get further away from threshold
36
Postsynaptic neuron
contain up to 200 synapses. Each synapse contributes to excitatory or inhibitory NTs
37
How do you tell strong stimulus from weak stimulus
more neurons fire for strong stimuli, and more frequently
38
size of action-potential
always the same
39
5 ways drugs affect NS
1. stimulate the release of NTs 2. block release of NTs 3. combine with NTs, to prevent enzymes in synaptic cleft to break down the drug 4. mimic NTs + bind to receptors causing impulses/block NTs from being released 5. prevent uptake of NTs by presynaptic membrane causing continuous impulses
40
What is central nervous system composed of
brain and spinal cord
41
what is CNS protected by
skull and vertebrae
42
what are meninges
3 tough layers of membrane
43
what is cerebrospinal fluid
found between meninges, central canal, and ventricles of brain
44
foramen magnum
where spinal cord leaves skull through
45
What does grey matter contain
interneurons, cell bodies, dendrites of motor neurons, part of axons of sensory neurons
46
what is myelinated aka
white matter
47
what in white matter
interneurons bundled together in tracts; ascending tracts, and descending tracts
48
the function of grey matter
communication between sensory and motor neurons
49
function of white matter
communication between brain and PNS
50
what are the four main parts of the brain?
cerebrum diencephalon cerebellum brain stem
51
largest part of brain
cerebrum
52
cortex
outer surface of grey matter
53
function of cortex
counts for sensation, voluntary movement, and thoughts
54
what divides the hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
55
4 lobes of each hemisphere
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
56
where is cerebral cortex
outer layer of brain
57
How does the info come in /out of the brain
somatosensory cortex receives info from the body, motor cortex sends info out
58
what does the frontal lobe primary motor cortex do
control skeletal muscles
59
how are complex motor activities organized
through premotor areas
60
purpose of frontal lobe processing center
prefrontal area allows critical thinking and formulated appropriate behaviours
61
Broca's area
associated in refined grammar, controls speech
62
what are frontal lobes considered?
behaviour and emotional control center, and home to personality
63
Function of Parietal Lobe
primary somatosensory cortex receives sensory information from skin and skeletal muscles
64
how is information analyzed on the parietal lobe
through the somatosensory association area getting info from skin and muscles
65
function of occipital lobe
dedicated to sight visual association area compares new images with old images to determine any relationships
66
function of temporal lobe
the primary auditory area to receive and interpret info from the ears
67
how does the auditory association area work
used to match new sounds with familiar ones
68
Wernicke's area
processing center, helps with understanding written and spoken words
69
Temporal lobe
receives info from nose
70
cerebellum
revies info from joints and mucles
71
function of cerebellum
works with the cerebral cortex to ensure smooth complex muscle movement and maintains posture
72
what does the thalamus do
receives input from visual auditory and somatosensory areas and sends it to areas of the cerebrum involved with higher mental functions such as memory or emotions alongside limbic system
73
what does hypothalamus regulate
sleep, thirst, hunger, body temp, blood pressure, and water balance.
74
What does hypothalamus control
produces hormones and controls pituitary glands
75
Pineal Gland
secretes melatonin to regulate body's sleep and wake cycles
76
what does the brain stem contain
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
77
what is the midbrain
relay station between the cerebrum and spinal cord/cerebellum contain reflex, processing centers for visual and auditory responses
78
what is pons
contains axons that travel from cerebellum to rest of cns also works with medulla oblongata to control breathing
79
what does the medulla oblongata contain
reflex centers that control heartbeat, respiration, vasoconstriction
80
what are the reflex centers in the medulla oblongata for
coughing, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing, hicupping
81
what is corpus callosum
bridge of white matter which passes information between right and left cerebral hemisphere
82
two main structures within limbic systems
hippocampus and amygdala
83
what is the function of the limbic system
aid in learning and memory
84
What do prompts cause release of in the limbic system
release of adrenaline from adrenal glands
85
how does amygdala function
responding and displaying anger and fear

Anatomy and Physiology 12 (3 decks)

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