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Anatomy and Physiology 12 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Function of nervous tissue

A

coordinate and regulate functioning of body’s systems

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2
Q

What is nervous tissue made up of

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

what is the central nervous system made of?

A

includes brain and spinal cord, protected by skull and vertebrae

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4
Q

what is a peripheral nervous system made of?

A

spinal and cranial nerves. Divided into somatic and autonomic

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5
Q

what is somatic

A

controls skeletal muscles

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6
Q

what is autonomic

A

controls smooth muscles

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7
Q

What are the two types of cells found in the nervous system

A

neurons and neuroglia

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8
Q

what do neurons do

A

transmit nerve impulses between parts of nervous system

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9
Q

what do neuroglial cells do

A

support and nourish neurons, maintain homeostasis, and form myelin

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10
Q

what are the three parts of the neuron

A

dendrite, cell body, axon

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11
Q

what does dendrite do

A

carry nerve impulse towards cell body

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12
Q

what does cell body do

A

contain nucleus of cell which maintains cell function

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13
Q

what does axon do

A

carry action potential away from the cell body towards neuron or effector

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14
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

protective sheath that covers axons and dendrites

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15
Q

function of myelin sheath

A

to increase speed of nerve impulse transmission and aid in nerve regeneration

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16
Q

what is myelin

A

lipid made in membrane of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes

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17
Q

what are nodes of ranvier

A

gaps between myelin sheaths

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18
Q

what are tracts and nerves

A

tracts: bundles of myelinated axons in CNS

Nerves: bundles of myelinated axons and dendrites in the PNS

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19
Q

what is action potential

A

a nerve impulse

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20
Q

what is resting potential and it’s value

A

when neurons aren’t firing, and the value is 70 mV

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21
Q

what is action potential

A

rapid change in polarity across axonal membrane

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22
Q

what are the steps on action potential

A

depolarization, repolarization, and refractory period

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23
Q

what happens in depolarization

A

the sodium gates open, sodium ions move into neuron, and sodium gates close

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24
Q

What happens in repolarization

A

potassium gates open, potassium ions diffuse out of neuron, and potassium gates close

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25
Q

what happens in the refractory period

A

ions are on the wrong side of membrane, the sodium-potassium pump restores ion distribution by moving 3 sodium out and 2 potassium in

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26
Q

What is the synapse

A

region where axon of one neuron is close to cell body/dendrite on another

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27
Q

what do neurotransmitters do

A

carry action potential across synaptic cleft

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28
Q

what is the process of transmission

A

notes

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29
Q

what is the presynaptic bulb

A

axon terminal

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30
Q

how many neurotransmitters are there

A

25 identified

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31
Q

what is acetylcholine

A

used in somatic and autonomic systems of the PNS

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32
Q

what is norepinophine

A

used in sympathetic division of autonomic system

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33
Q

What enzyme is in the post synaptic membrane used to break down NT’s

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

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34
Q

what do excitatory NTs do

A

cause neuron to get closer to threshold

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35
Q

what do inhibitory NTs do

A

cause neuron to get further away from threshold

36
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

contain up to 200 synapses. Each synapse contributes to excitatory or inhibitory NTs

37
Q

How do you tell strong stimulus from weak stimulus

A

more neurons fire for strong stimuli, and more frequently

38
Q

size of action-potential

A

always the same

39
Q

5 ways drugs affect NS

A
  1. stimulate the release of NTs
  2. block release of NTs
  3. combine with NTs, to prevent enzymes in synaptic cleft to break down the drug
  4. mimic NTs + bind to receptors causing impulses/block NTs from being released
  5. prevent uptake of NTs by presynaptic membrane causing continuous impulses
40
Q

What is central nervous system composed of

A

brain and spinal cord

41
Q

what is CNS protected by

A

skull and vertebrae

42
Q

what are meninges

A

3 tough layers of membrane

43
Q

what is cerebrospinal fluid

A

found between meninges, central canal, and ventricles of brain

44
Q

foramen magnum

A

where spinal cord leaves skull through

45
Q

What does grey matter contain

A

interneurons, cell bodies, dendrites of motor neurons, part of axons of sensory neurons

46
Q

what is myelinated aka

A

white matter

47
Q

what in white matter

A

interneurons bundled together in tracts; ascending tracts, and descending tracts

48
Q

the function of grey matter

A

communication between sensory and motor neurons

49
Q

function of white matter

A

communication between brain and PNS

50
Q

what are the four main parts of the brain?

A

cerebrum
diencephalon
cerebellum
brain stem

51
Q

largest part of brain

A

cerebrum

52
Q

cortex

A

outer surface of grey matter

53
Q

function of cortex

A

counts for sensation, voluntary movement, and thoughts

54
Q

what divides the hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure

55
Q

4 lobes of each hemisphere

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

56
Q

where is cerebral cortex

A

outer layer of brain

57
Q

How does the info come in /out of the brain

A

somatosensory cortex receives info from the body, motor cortex sends info out

58
Q

what does the frontal lobe primary motor cortex do

A

control skeletal muscles

59
Q

how are complex motor activities organized

A

through premotor areas

60
Q

purpose of frontal lobe processing center

A

prefrontal area allows critical thinking and formulated appropriate behaviours

61
Q

Broca’s area

A

associated in refined grammar, controls speech

62
Q

what are frontal lobes considered?

A

behaviour and emotional control center, and home to personality

63
Q

Function of Parietal Lobe

A

primary somatosensory cortex receives sensory information from skin and skeletal muscles

64
Q

how is information analyzed on the parietal lobe

A

through the somatosensory association area getting info from skin and muscles

65
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

dedicated to sight
visual association area compares new images with old images to determine any relationships

66
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

the primary auditory area to receive and interpret info from the ears

67
Q

how does the auditory association area work

A

used to match new sounds with familiar ones

68
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

processing center, helps with understanding written and spoken words

69
Q

Temporal lobe

A

receives info from nose

70
Q

cerebellum

A

revies info from joints and mucles

71
Q

function of cerebellum

A

works with the cerebral cortex to ensure smooth complex muscle movement and maintains posture

72
Q

what does the thalamus do

A

receives input from visual auditory and somatosensory areas and sends it to areas of the cerebrum

involved with higher mental functions such as memory or emotions alongside limbic system

73
Q

what does hypothalamus regulate

A

sleep, thirst, hunger, body temp, blood pressure, and water balance.

74
Q

What does hypothalamus control

A

produces hormones and controls pituitary glands

75
Q

Pineal Gland

A

secretes melatonin to regulate body’s sleep and wake cycles

76
Q

what does the brain stem contain

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

77
Q

what is the midbrain

A

relay station between the cerebrum and spinal cord/cerebellum
contain reflex, processing centers for visual and auditory responses

78
Q

what is pons

A

contains axons that travel from cerebellum to rest of cns
also works with medulla oblongata to control breathing

79
Q

what does the medulla oblongata contain

A

reflex centers that control heartbeat, respiration, vasoconstriction

80
Q

what are the reflex centers in the medulla oblongata for

A

coughing, swallowing, vomiting, sneezing, hicupping

81
Q

what is corpus callosum

A

bridge of white matter which passes information between right and left cerebral hemisphere

82
Q

two main structures within limbic systems

A

hippocampus and amygdala

83
Q

what is the function of the limbic system

A

aid in learning and memory

84
Q

What do prompts cause release of in the limbic system

A

release of adrenaline from adrenal glands

85
Q

how does amygdala function

A

responding and displaying anger and fear

Anatomy and Physiology 12 (3 decks)

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