Enzymes and Digestion Flashcards
1
Q
What is metabolism
A
the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell
2
Q
Anabolic Reactions
A
- building up molecules
- requires input of energy
- endergonic reaction
3
Q
Catabolic Reactions
A
- breaking down molecules
- release energy
- spontaneous reaction
- exergonic reaction
4
Q
Metabolic Pathways
A
cellular reactions are that are apart of of linked reactions
5
Q
enzymes
A
protein molecule that acts as organic catalyst to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed
6
Q
Substrate
A
reactants in enzymatic reaction, A is substrate for E1, B is the products
7
Q
peptide Hormones used to control metabolism
A
Thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
8
Q
Uses of T3 and T4
A
targets all body cells
increases metabolic rate
regulates growth and development
9
Q
coenzymes
A
non-protein cofactors used to activate enzyme
10
Q
example of coenzyme
A
vitamins and minerals
11
Q
apoenzyme
A
protein cofactors used to activate enzyme
12
Q
example of apoenzyme
A
hemoglobin
13
Q
6 factors affecting enzymatic speed
A
substrate concentration
enzyme concentration
temperature
pH
enzyme inhibition
enzyme-substrate complex
14
Q
What is the effect of substrate and enzyme concentration
A
- enzyme activity increases because there are more collisions between substrate molecules and enzymes
- more active enzyme sites = increase in activity for substrate binding
15
Q
What is the effect of temperature on enzymatic speed?
A
- slight increase temperature = increase enzyme activity ( more collisions between enzyme and substrates increases energy + movement)
- slightly lowered temp = decreased enzyme activity
- is temp too high/low, enzyme denatures
16
Q
what is the effect of pH on enzymatic speed?
A
- each enzyme has optimal pH where the reaction rate is highest
- if pH is too high/low enzyme is denatured
17
Q
What id enzyme inhibition?
A
when an active enzyme is blocked from combining with its substrate
18
Q
What are the names of the inhibitors?
A
Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors
19
Q
What is competitive inhibition
A
Competitive inhibition interferes with active site of the enzyme so substrate cant bind
20
Q
what is non-competitive inhibitors
A
changes the shape of enzyme so it can’t bind to substrate
21
Q
What is feedback inhibition
A
When the reaction product interferes with the enzyme that helped build it. binds to another active site that’s different from the one attached to original reactant
22
Q
What is energy of activation
A
when molecules react with one another, energy is required. this is activation energy
23
Q
What is enzyme-substrate complex
A
enzyme active site goes under a change in shape to accommodate substrate. AKA induced fit model
24
Q
What is homeostasis
A
maintenance of constant internal balance
25
What does a homeostatic mechanism in the body contain
sensor, regulatory center, and effector
26
What is negative feedback
the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps variables close to its set point. The response reverses the change in controlled conditions.
27
What is positive feedback?
homeostasis mechanism that brings a great change in the same direction and intensifies over time. The response strengthens change in controlled conditions.
28
What does the endocrine system consist of
glands, tissues that secrete hormones
29
What is a stimulus
a change detected that triggers negative feedback response
30
what is an antagonistic hormone?
the hormone that has opposite effects to a stimulus and is used to maintain homeostasis. Example is insulin and glucagon
31
what is the digestive tract?
the digestive tract is a tube with special regions and organs between mouth and anus
32
what is the function of the digestive system
to ingest food, digest nutrients and eliminste indigestable reminas
33
what are the stages of the digestive system
digestion, absorption, and elimination
34
Describe the breakdown of biological molecule protein
protein to peptide to amino acid
35
Describe the breakdown of biological molecule carbs
carbs to maltose to glucose
36
Describe the breakdown of biological molecule fats and lipids
fats and lipids to glucose and fatty acids
37
Describe the breakdown of biological molecule nucleic acid
the nucleic acid to nucleotides to S,P,B
38
How is the roof of the mouth formed
formed by soft and hard palates that separate it from the nasal cavities
39
What is the role of mechanical digestion
the teeth being mechanical digestion with help from the tongue and start digestion
40
What are the three pairs of salivary glands
parotid, submandibular, sublingual
41
What is the enzyme found in the mouth
salivary amylase
42
what does amylase break down
starch and maltose
43
describe chemical digestion
the three salivary glands send saliva amylase for digestion in the mouth. The tongue mixes chewed food with saliva to form a mass called a bolus.
44
What happens inside the pharynx?
air passage and food passage meet at pharynx
45
Give an example of involuntary reflex action.
Swallowing food in the pharynx
46
What is the esophagus
muscular tube that moves food into the stomach
47
What is peristalsis and explain how it works
begins in the esophagus and moves food through the digestive system
48
What is the function of the cardiac valve
prevents food from backing up into the esophagus
49
What is the pH in the stomach
2
50
what are the folds in the stomach called
rugae. they help stomach expand so it can hold 2L
51
where is alcohol absorbed
in the stomach
52
Explain the process happening in the stomach
food is churned in the stomach for 2-3 hours while being mixed with gastric juices for digestion of proteins to peptides and water and mucus
53
What do gastric juices contain
water, HCL, and pepsinogen
54
What does pepsinogen become
pepsinogen becomes pepsin in HCL
55
what are ulcers caused by
stress and bacterial infections
56
what is the pH in the small intestine
8
57
what is the length of the small intestine
7 meters
58
what is the duodenum
the first 25cm of the small intestine that receives bile and pancreatic juice
59
What is bile
emulsifier of lipids, not an enzyme. also is mechanical digestion
60
Were is bile produced
produced in liver and stored in gall bladder
61
What does pancreatic juice contain
contains sodium bicarbonate that neutralizes acid.
62
Pancreatic amylase
for digestion of starch to maltose
63
trypsin
protein to peptides
64
lipase
lipids to glycerol and fatty acids
65
nuclease
nucleic acids to nucleotides
66
what's produced in intestinal wall of duodenum
enzymes of small intestines
67
peptidase
breaks down peptides to amino acids
68
maltase
breaks down maltose to glucose
69
nucleosidase
breaks down nucleotides to sugar, phosphate, and base
70
what are the walls of small intestine called
jejunum, ilium
71
what are villi
finger-like projections where nutrients are absorbed
72
what do villi have
microvilli that increase surface area
73
jejunum and ilium...
are convoluted have have villi where nutrients are absorbed into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
74
what deos each villus have
it's own capillary network
75
lacteal
small lymphatic capillary in a villus
76
what does large intestine consist of
rectum, anus, and colon
77
purpose of large intestine
absorb water, sals, vitamins and nutrients
78
what is stored in the rectum?
indigestible material
79
explain process of anus and rectum
indigestible material is saved in the rectum until the anus allows defecation.
80
How do you release defecation
stretch receptors in rectum send signals to spinal cord and brain to tell your body to release
81
What are the bacteria in your feces
obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes
82
what is the function of obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes
to break down indigestible material and produce vitamins
83
what are the three accessory organs
pancreas liver and gallbladder
84
why are they called accessory organs
accessory organs of digestion because their secretions assist digestion
85
how do accessory organs work
send secretions to the duodenum
86
functions of pancreas
- produce insulin- when sugar is high
- secrete glucagon where sugar is low
87
what does insulin act on
liver, muscle, adipose
88
what does glucagon act on
liver and adipose tissue
88
what does glucagon act on
liver and adipose tissue
89
what does the liver store glucose as
glycagon
90
what are 6 functions of liver
store iron and vitamins
make plasma proteins
produce urea from amino acids
detoxify blood
regulate cholesterol levels while producing bile salts
remove bilirubin from blood cells with bile
91
what regulates digestive juice
nervous system and hormones
92
gastrin
triggered by protein, produced in the lower stomach and travels through stomach to produce digestive juice
93
secretin
produced by the duodenum wall and simulated by acid travels to the pancreas and gall bladder where it releases bile and pancreatic juice
94
Cholecystokinin (cck)
produced by the duodenum wall and simulated by fat and proteins travels to the pancreas and gall bladder where releases bile and pancreatic juice
95
Calcitonin
produced by the thyroid gland and simulated by high calcium levels. Travels through blood stream and deposits extra calcium in to the bones
96
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
produced by parathyroid glands and simulated by insufficient calcium levels. travels to the bones and releases calcium from bone to get kidneys and intestines to absorb calcium.
97
Calcitriol
produced by kidneys and simulated by low calcium levels. Travels to the intestine and promotes the absorption of calcium in the intestines. Active form of vitamin D
98
leptin
produced in adipose tissues and simulated by the fat increase in the body. Travels to the hypothalamus and lowers your apetite.
99
Enzymes found in pancrease
pancreatic amylase
trypsin
lipase
nucleolus
100
enzymes found in duodenum
maltase
peptidase
nucleosidase
