Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology 12 > Enzymes and Digestion > Flashcards

Enzymes and Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A
  • building up molecules
  • requires input of energy
  • endergonic reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A
  • breaking down molecules
  • release energy
  • spontaneous reaction
  • exergonic reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Metabolic Pathways

A

cellular reactions are that are apart of of linked reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

enzymes

A

protein molecule that acts as organic catalyst to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Substrate

A

reactants in enzymatic reaction, A is substrate for E1, B is the products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

peptide Hormones used to control metabolism

A

Thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Uses of T3 and T4

A

targets all body cells
increases metabolic rate
regulates growth and development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

coenzymes

A

non-protein cofactors used to activate enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

example of coenzyme

A

vitamins and minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

apoenzyme

A

protein cofactors used to activate enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

example of apoenzyme

A

hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

6 factors affecting enzymatic speed

A

substrate concentration
enzyme concentration
temperature
pH
enzyme inhibition
enzyme-substrate complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the effect of substrate and enzyme concentration

A
  • enzyme activity increases because there are more collisions between substrate molecules and enzymes
  • more active enzyme sites = increase in activity for substrate binding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the effect of temperature on enzymatic speed?

A
  • slight increase temperature = increase enzyme activity ( more collisions between enzyme and substrates increases energy + movement)
  • slightly lowered temp = decreased enzyme activity
  • is temp too high/low, enzyme denatures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the effect of pH on enzymatic speed?

A
  • each enzyme has optimal pH where the reaction rate is highest
  • if pH is too high/low enzyme is denatured
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What id enzyme inhibition?

A

when an active enzyme is blocked from combining with its substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the names of the inhibitors?

A

Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is competitive inhibition

A

Competitive inhibition interferes with active site of the enzyme so substrate cant bind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is non-competitive inhibitors

A

changes the shape of enzyme so it can’t bind to substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is feedback inhibition

A

When the reaction product interferes with the enzyme that helped build it. binds to another active site that’s different from the one attached to original reactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is energy of activation

A

when molecules react with one another, energy is required. this is activation energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is enzyme-substrate complex

A

enzyme active site goes under a change in shape to accommodate substrate. AKA induced fit model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is homeostasis

A

maintenance of constant internal balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does a homeostatic mechanism in the body contain

A

sensor, regulatory center, and effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is negative feedback

A

the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps variables close to its set point. The response reverses the change in controlled conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

homeostasis mechanism that brings a great change in the same direction and intensifies over time. The response strengthens change in controlled conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does the endocrine system consist of

A

glands, tissues that secrete hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is a stimulus

A

a change detected that triggers negative feedback response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is an antagonistic hormone?

A

the hormone that has opposite effects to a stimulus and is used to maintain homeostasis. Example is insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the digestive tract?

A

the digestive tract is a tube with special regions and organs between mouth and anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is the function of the digestive system

A

to ingest food, digest nutrients and eliminste indigestable reminas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what are the stages of the digestive system

A

digestion, absorption, and elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Describe the breakdown of biological molecule protein

A

protein to peptide to amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the breakdown of biological molecule carbs

A

carbs to maltose to glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe the breakdown of biological molecule fats and lipids

A

fats and lipids to glucose and fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe the breakdown of biological molecule nucleic acid

A

the nucleic acid to nucleotides to S,P,B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How is the roof of the mouth formed

A

formed by soft and hard palates that separate it from the nasal cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the role of mechanical digestion

A

the teeth being mechanical digestion with help from the tongue and start digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the three pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the enzyme found in the mouth

A

salivary amylase

42
Q

what does amylase break down

A

starch and maltose

43
Q

describe chemical digestion

A

the three salivary glands send saliva amylase for digestion in the mouth. The tongue mixes chewed food with saliva to form a mass called a bolus.

44
Q

What happens inside the pharynx?

A

air passage and food passage meet at pharynx

45
Q

Give an example of involuntary reflex action.

A

Swallowing food in the pharynx

46
Q

What is the esophagus

A

muscular tube that moves food into the stomach

47
Q

What is peristalsis and explain how it works

A

begins in the esophagus and moves food through the digestive system

48
Q

What is the function of the cardiac valve

A

prevents food from backing up into the esophagus

49
Q

What is the pH in the stomach

A

2

50
Q

what are the folds in the stomach called

A

rugae. they help stomach expand so it can hold 2L

51
Q

where is alcohol absorbed

A

in the stomach

52
Q

Explain the process happening in the stomach

A

food is churned in the stomach for 2-3 hours while being mixed with gastric juices for digestion of proteins to peptides and water and mucus

53
Q

What do gastric juices contain

A

water, HCL, and pepsinogen

54
Q

What does pepsinogen become

A

pepsinogen becomes pepsin in HCL

55
Q

what are ulcers caused by

A

stress and bacterial infections

56
Q

what is the pH in the small intestine

A

8

57
Q

what is the length of the small intestine

A

7 meters

58
Q

what is the duodenum

A

the first 25cm of the small intestine that receives bile and pancreatic juice

59
Q

What is bile

A

emulsifier of lipids, not an enzyme. also is mechanical digestion

60
Q

Were is bile produced

A

produced in liver and stored in gall bladder

61
Q

What does pancreatic juice contain

A

contains sodium bicarbonate that neutralizes acid.

62
Q

Pancreatic amylase

A

for digestion of starch to maltose

63
Q

trypsin

A

protein to peptides

64
Q

lipase

A

lipids to glycerol and fatty acids

65
Q

nuclease

A

nucleic acids to nucleotides

66
Q

what’s produced in intestinal wall of duodenum

A

enzymes of small intestines

67
Q

peptidase

A

breaks down peptides to amino acids

68
Q

maltase

A

breaks down maltose to glucose

69
Q

nucleosidase

A

breaks down nucleotides to sugar, phosphate, and base

70
Q

what are the walls of small intestine called

A

jejunum, ilium

71
Q

what are villi

A

finger-like projections where nutrients are absorbed

72
Q

what do villi have

A

microvilli that increase surface area

73
Q

jejunum and ilium…

A

are convoluted have have villi where nutrients are absorbed into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

74
Q

what deos each villus have

A

it’s own capillary network

75
Q

lacteal

A

small lymphatic capillary in a villus

76
Q

what does large intestine consist of

A

rectum, anus, and colon

77
Q

purpose of large intestine

A

absorb water, sals, vitamins and nutrients

78
Q

what is stored in the rectum?

A

indigestible material

79
Q

explain process of anus and rectum

A

indigestible material is saved in the rectum until the anus allows defecation.

80
Q

How do you release defecation

A

stretch receptors in rectum send signals to spinal cord and brain to tell your body to release

81
Q

What are the bacteria in your feces

A

obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes

82
Q

what is the function of obligate anaerobes and facultative anaerobes

A

to break down indigestible material and produce vitamins

83
Q

what are the three accessory organs

A

pancreas liver and gallbladder

84
Q

why are they called accessory organs

A

accessory organs of digestion because their secretions assist digestion

85
Q

how do accessory organs work

A

send secretions to the duodenum

86
Q

functions of pancreas

A
  • produce insulin- when sugar is high
  • secrete glucagon where sugar is low
87
Q

what does insulin act on

A

liver, muscle, adipose

88
Q

what does glucagon act on

A

liver and adipose tissue

88
Q

what does glucagon act on

A

liver and adipose tissue

89
Q

what does the liver store glucose as

A

glycagon

90
Q

what are 6 functions of liver

A

store iron and vitamins
make plasma proteins
produce urea from amino acids
detoxify blood
regulate cholesterol levels while producing bile salts
remove bilirubin from blood cells with bile

91
Q

what regulates digestive juice

A

nervous system and hormones

92
Q

gastrin

A

triggered by protein, produced in the lower stomach and travels through stomach to produce digestive juice

93
Q

secretin

A

produced by the duodenum wall and simulated by acid travels to the pancreas and gall bladder where it releases bile and pancreatic juice

94
Q

Cholecystokinin (cck)

A

produced by the duodenum wall and simulated by fat and proteins travels to the pancreas and gall bladder where releases bile and pancreatic juice

95
Q

Calcitonin

A

produced by the thyroid gland and simulated by high calcium levels. Travels through blood stream and deposits extra calcium in to the bones

96
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

produced by parathyroid glands and simulated by insufficient calcium levels. travels to the bones and releases calcium from bone to get kidneys and intestines to absorb calcium.

97
Q

Calcitriol

A

produced by kidneys and simulated by low calcium levels. Travels to the intestine and promotes the absorption of calcium in the intestines. Active form of vitamin D

98
Q

leptin

A

produced in adipose tissues and simulated by the fat increase in the body. Travels to the hypothalamus and lowers your apetite.

99
Q

Enzymes found in pancrease

A

pancreatic amylase
trypsin
lipase
nucleolus

100
Q

enzymes found in duodenum

A

maltase
peptidase
nucleosidase

Anatomy and Physiology 12 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions