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Revision 2nd semester > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Complete the following:

The nervous system is a ________________ of fibres which span the body co-ordinating a diverse range and voluntary and ________________ actions. It transmits ________________ between parts of the body. It responds rapidly to changes within the internal and external ________________ It works alongside the ________________ system to maintain ________________.

A
  • A network of fibres which span the body, co-ordinating a diverse range of voluntary and involuntary actions.
  • Transmits signals between parts of the body.
  • Rapidly responds to changes within the internal and external environment.
  • Works alongside the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis.
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2
Q
  1. Describe the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
A
  1. CNS: brain and spinal cord / PNS: Peripheral nerves (nerves not in the CNS)
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3
Q
  1. With regards to neuron function, complete the following table:

Processes sensory information, analyses, stores and makes decisions:

Detects internal and external environmental changes:

Produces a response to sensory information to effect change:

A

Function:

Processes sensory information….: INTEGRATION

Detects internal and external environmental changes: SENSORY

Produces a response to sensory information to effect change: MOTOR

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4
Q
  1. Complete the following diagram
A
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5
Q

With regards to the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), complete the following table:

A
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6
Q

Explain how the enteric nervous system is linked to the CNS.

A

it’s linked by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibres :vagus nerve

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7
Q

Describe the role of the following in the enteric nervous system:

a. Sensory neurons
b. Motor neurons
c. Interneurons

A

a. Sensory neurons monitor chemical changes (via chemo -receptors) in the GI tract and stretching (stretch receptors) of its walls.
b. Motor neurons govern motility and secretions of the GIT and associated glands.
c. Interneurons connect the two plexus

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8
Q
  1. Draw and label a neuron:
    a. Axon
    b. Dendrites
    c. Cell body
    d. Nodes of Ranvier
    e. Myelin sheath
    f. Terminal endings
A
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9
Q

Define the following terms:

  1. Action potential
  2. Nerve stimulus
  3. Nuclei
  4. Ganglia
  5. Tracts
A
  1. Action potential: ability to create a nerve impulse
  2. Nerve stimulus: anything able to generate an action potential (ext/internal)
  3. Nuclei: collection of cells bodies forming structural & functional groups in CNS
  4. Ganglia: same as Nuclei but in PNS
  5. Tracts: axon bundles in CNS
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10
Q

State which vitamin is required as a co-factor in myelin production?

A

vitamin B12

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11
Q

Describe THREE key differences between ‘neurons’ and ‘neuroglial cells/ glial cells’

A
  1. Glial cells are smaller
  2. Glial cells 50x more prevalent
  3. glial cells can multiply & divide
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12
Q

Name the neuroglial cell that:

  1. Contributes to the blood brain barrier
  2. Is phagocytic and is mobile in the brain
  3. Provides structural support in PNS ganglia
A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglia
  3. Satellite cells
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13
Q

Name the neuroglial cell that:

  1. Myelinates axons in the CNS
  2. Produces cerebrospinal fluid
  3. Produce myelin in the PNS
A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Schwann cells
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14
Q

Complete the following:

Neurons at rest process an _____________ gradient across the cell membrane. This is created by the build-up of ________________ ions on the inside of the cell membrane relative to the extracellular fluid which contains more ___________ ions The separation of charges create ________________ energy. The resting potential is approximately_________ mV. Cells exhibiting a membrane potential are said to be ________________ or charged.

A

Neurons at rest possess an electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane. The resting potential is created by a build up of negative ions on the inside of the cell membrane, relative to the extracellular fluid which contains more positive ions.
The separation of charges across a cell membrane creates potential energy.
This resting potential is approximately -70mV. Cells exhibiting a membrane potential are said to be polarised or ‘charged’

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15
Q

Describe in detail the resting potential (think sodium, chloride, potassium, proteins and the sodium-potassium pump).

A

Resting potential is created by the build up of negative ions inside cell membrane and positive ions outside: to ensure we have more sodium outside of the axion and potassium inside we use a sodium-potassium pump = the pump move 3 sodium molecules out for 2 potassium into. It requires energy ATP as it is an active process

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16
Q

Describe in detail all steps in the following processes:

  1. Depolarisation
  2. Repolarisation
A
  1. Depolarisation: going from -70mV to +30mV: sodium go into the axion
  2. Repolarisation: +30mM to -70mV - Potassium moves out of axion
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17
Q

Explain what is meant by the:

  1. Refractory period
  2. Absolute refractory period
  3. Relative refractory period
A
  1. Refractory period: period after repolarisation where sodium & potassium are on the wrong side of membrane= nerve can’t generate any action potential.
  2. Absolute refractory period: even a strong impulse can’t generate any action
  3. Relative refractory period: need a bigger stimulus than normal to generate action
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18
Q

Describe in detail how the ‘synapse’ transmits a signal

A

synapse connects neurons: connects action potential of the axion to neurons terminal endings (synaptic end bulb) that communicate with another neuron. the neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse and bind to receptors = open the ion channels: generating action potential

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19
Q

Explain TWO differences between ‘excitatory’ and ‘inhibitory’ transmitters

A
  1. Excitatory: depolarisation / inhibitory: hyperpolarisation
  2. Excitatory: become more positive / inhibitory: more negative
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20
Q
  1. Name the amino acid precursor of glutamate
  2. what are glutamate & GABA compared to glutamine
A
  1. Glutamine
  2. neurotransmitters
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21
Q

Name ONE vitamin needed for conversion of glutamate to GABA

A

B6

22
Q
  1. State the location in the brain where most dopamine is stored
  2. where is most serotonin found
A
  1. Substantia negra
  2. gastrointestinal tract
23
Q

In a synapse, name the ion that directly causes the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles

A

calcium

24
Q
  1. List TWO functions of dopamine
  2. List 2 functions of serotonin
A
  1. Movement, reward mechanism
  2. GIT peristalsis, sleep, mood, pain regulation
25
Q

List ONE neuropeptide that enhances pain

A

Substance P

26
Q

What is the charge present in a resting membrane?

A

-70mV

27
Q

what is meant by the action potential “Threshold”?

A

it is - 55mV: it is the minimum the stimulus need to reach to generate action potential

28
Q

Explain what is meant by synapse

A

junction between 2 neurons/ neuron & muscle

29
Q
  1. State TWO ways in which the following central nervous system components are protected:
    a. Spinal cord
    b. Brain
A

a. Spinal cord: vertebral column & meninges
b. Brain: craniumcranial meninges, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the
blood brain barrier (BBB).

30
Q
  1. With regards to the layers of the meninges, compare functions of the:

a. Dura mater
b. Arachnoid mater
c. Pia mater

A

a. Dura mater: strong layer, tough. Venous sinuses= blood drain into jugular veins
b. Arachnoid mater: collagen & elastic fibre
c. Pia mater: delicate layer, blood vessels supply spinal cord

31
Q

Name the spaces between:

a. Dura mater and arachnoid mater
b. Arachnoid mater and pia mater

A

a. subdural space
b. subarachnoid space

32
Q

Describe TWO key differences between ‘subdural hematoma’ and ‘subarachnoid hemorrhage’

A
  1. subdural haematoma slowly develop because venous and subarachnoid is rapid as it’s arterial bleed
  2. subdural haematoma must like develop in elderly people with condition like Alzheimer whereas subarachnoid: aneurysm/ berry aneurysm
33
Q

List FOUR functions of CSF.

A
  1. protection of brain & spinal cord , shock absorber
  2. Maintain uniform pressure around the brain
  3. Moist of brain & spinal cord
  4. Circulation of nutrients & waste
  5. Optimal chemical environment (ion) for nerve signaling
34
Q

Describe the main role of the blood brain barrier (BBB).

A

Protects the brain from toxins, bacteria’s & harmful substances that enter the bloodstream

35
Q

Name the 2 arterial systems to supply blood to brain

A

Vertebral & Carotid

36
Q

Name the neuroglial cell that maintains the BBB.

A

Astrocytes

37
Q

List FOUR major parts of the brain

A
  1. Brain stem
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Cerebrum
  4. Cerebellum (little brain)
38
Q

Name the main functions of Brainstem:

  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Midbrain
A
  1. Medulla oblongata: regulate heartbeat & breathing, reflexes (snoozing, vomiting &hiccupping
  2. Pons: help control breathing and relay motor tracts
  3. Midbrain: Dopamine function : movement + eye reflex and tracking, mvt head & neck
39
Q

Name the area of the brain that contains the ‘pineal gland’ and what it secretes?

A

Epithalamus and the pineal gland secretes melatonin

40
Q

List TWO functions of the cerebellum

A
  • Maintenance of posture and balance.
  • Smoothing complex mvts/ Coordination of movements.
  • Correction of errors during on going movement: • E .g. learning to walk, learning an instrument.
  • Cognition, thought and language processing.
  • Motor behavior by altering circuits that influence motor pathways (corticospinal tracts).
41
Q

List THREE factors that can damage the cerebellum.

A
  1. Chronic alcohol abuse
  2. Coeliac disease or a thiamine (vitamin B1)
  3. Cerebellar disease ‘Ataxia’: lack of muscle co ordination. Commonly results in stumbling, unsteadiness, slurred speech and an intention tremor (e.g. hand tremor when putting key in door).
42
Q

Name ONE function of the Cerebrum

A
  • Sensory perception.
  • Motor control of skeletal muscles (movement).
43
Q

Name the area that connects the two cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

44
Q

Name which cerebral lobe plays a role in:

  1. Hearing
  2. Vision
  3. Motor skills
  4. Sensory input
A
  1. Hearing: Temporal lobe
  2. Vision: Occipital lobe
  3. Motor skills: Frontal lobe
  4. Sensory input: Parietal lobe
45
Q

Name THREE main structures within the limbic system.

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Hippocampus
  3. Amygdala
46
Q

Name the area that plays a key role in emotions within the limbic system.

A

Amygdala

47
Q

Explain what could happen if there is damage to any of the spinal cords

A

neurological symptoms

48
Q

Name the main functions of Brainstem:

  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
A
  1. Thalamus: core of the brain as 80% of diencephalon. Major relay centre for sensory info (receive & distribute info)
  2. Hypothalamus: regulation & homeostasis of hormones + control ANS / body temperature + appetite/satiety
  3. Epithalamus: connect limbic system to others+ circadian rhythm: melatonin production
49
Q

Name the 3 layers of Meninges

A

Dura mater/ Arachnoid mater/ Pia mater

50
Q

State what is found in the subarachnoid space

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Revision 2nd semester (8 decks)

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