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Revision 2nd semester > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 Urinary System Components

A

Two kidneys
Two ureters
One bladder
One urethra

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2
Q

Name 4 Urinary System Functions

A
  1. Excretion of unwanted substances.
  2. Maintenance of water & electrolyte balance.
  3. pH regulation of body fluids (especially the blood).
  4. Production of hormones (erythropoietin & calcitriol).
  5. Regulation of red blood cell (erythrocyte) production.
  6. Regulation of blood glucose levels.
  7. Regulation of blood pressure, volume & osmolarity.
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3
Q
  1. what control the water Balance?
  2. What is the minimum amount of urine to clear waste?
  3. if not execrated what happened with the urine?
    4, What sort of pathologies can be the disruption?
A
  1. The body’s water balance is mainly controlled by the kidneys.
  2. Minimum urine content required to clear body waste is 500ml/day.
  3. we reabsorp the waste products 4. pathologies e.g. untreated diabetes mellitus.
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4
Q

Name the 2 Hormones produced by the kidneys?

A

Calcitrol
Erythropoietin

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5
Q
  1. State the renal limit (threshold) for glucose in mmol / and the normal average?
  2. What you call too much sugar in blood? pathology?
  3. Describe specifically how the kidney compensates for ‘low blood glucose’
A
  1. 9mmol/L. Normal range: 4-7mmol/L
  2. Hyperglycaemia indicates pathology e.g. diabetes mellitus.
  3. The kidneys are able to make glucose from the amino acid glutamine to help elevate blood sugar levels = gluconeogenesis.
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6
Q
  1. What happen to blood pressure if + water is execrated?
  2. How the kidneys regulate blood pressure?
A
  1. More water= low BP / Less water = +BP
  2. by secreting the enzyme Renin, which activates the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAA) pathway. Increased renin causes an increase in blood pressure.
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7
Q
  1. State which of the following components are in the ‘renal tubule’ or ‘renal corpuscle’:
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
  4. Bowman’s capsule
  5. Proximal convoluted tubule
  6. Glomerulus
A

Renal Corpuscle: Glomerulus /Bowman’s capsule

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8
Q

1.What is the structure of glomerulus?

A

1.Tangles capillary network receiving blood from Afferent arteriole.

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9
Q

What are the 3 layers of kidney

A

Renal capsule, adipose capsule, renal fascia

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10
Q

Nephron structure to label.

Where filtration of blood take place?

A

filtration of blood (takes place in the renal corpuscle) occurs in the renal cortex.

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11
Q

Where the ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) acts?

A

Distal convolated tubule

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12
Q

Describe specifically how the glomerulus is adapted for filtration

A

Glomerular capillaries present a large surface area for filtration so easily pass water & small molceules
Glomerular capillaries are ~50x more leaky than normal capillaries.

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13
Q
  1. Name FOUR blood constituents that pass into glomerular filtrate
  2. Name TWO blood constituents that remain in glomerular capillaries
A
  1. water, mineral salts, amino acids & glucose, ketoacids, hormones, wastes (urea, acid uric, toxins).
  2. Leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, plasma proteins
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14
Q

what are the 3 processes to produce urine?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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15
Q
  1. Define glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
  2. State how GFR is measured.
  3. State the normal adult GFR range
A
  1. The amount of filtrate formed in the renal corpuscles of both kidneys each minute.
  2. blood test
  3. 90ml/min.
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16
Q

Describe specifically how ‘colloid osmotic pressure’ develops and what issue it can cause?

Colloid=protein

A

• Damage to the glomerular capillaries can lead to plasma protein loss into urine. The loss of albumin will cause water going out of the blood and move into tissues = oedema and other causes of oedema such as heart failure, venous pathologies, lymphatic system pathologies etc

17
Q
  1. Name THREE substances / molecules which are:
    a. Reabsorbed via tubular reabsorption
    b. Secreted into tubular fluid
  2. Name the area of the renal tubule where most reabsorption occurs.
A

a. About 99% of glomerular filtrate including: Water (65% in PCT) / Amino acids and glucose / Electrolytes
b. Waste products — creatinine, ammonium ions, urea. Certain drugs; e.g. penicillin.
Excess ions such as H+ (pH regulation)
2. Most reabsorption occurs in the PCT. (proximal convoluted tubule)

18
Q

Describe in detail how the ‘RAAS (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system)’ works to increase blood pressure

A
  • The ‘RAAS’ increases blood pressure if systolic BP is below 100mmHg, the afferent arteriole walls are stretched less, causing:
  1. The enzyme Renin released by the kidney into the blood.
  2. Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I (in Liver).
  3. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) in the lungs.
  4. Angiotensin II causes release of Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex: reabsorption salt & water
19
Q
  1. Describe the role of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
  2. Where ACE is released?
  3. Describe how Angiotensin II acts upon the:
    a. Pituitary gland
    b. Blood vessel
  4. Explain how aldosterone affects sodium and water reabsorption
A
  1. convert angiotensin I in II in lungs
  2. lungs
  3. a. triggers the pituitary gland to release Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH).
    b. it triggers vasoconstriction + increase blood pressure
  4. Aldosterone increases renal sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys
20
Q

Body Homeostasis: Endocrine system - what kidneys produce?

A

Endocrine system: Kidneys produce calcitriol and erythropoietin.

21
Q

Body Homeostasis: Cardiovascular system- what role kidneys play with BP?

A

Cardiovascular system: Kidneys can alter blood volume and pressure by adjusting water reabsorption (renin).

22
Q

With regards to urinary terminology, complete the following table:

Large quantity of urine

No urine

Painful burning urination

Protein in urine

Blood in urine

Little urine

Night urination

Bacteria in urine

A
23
Q

Urinanalysis- Protein

A

Kidney disease

24
Q

Urinanalysis- Casts

A

Nephron disesase

25
Q

Urinanalysis- Microalbuminuria

A

Kidney disease (i.e. diabetic kidney)

26
Q

Urinanalysis- Leukocytes, Erythrocytes

A

UTI

Revision 2nd semester (8 decks)

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