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Medsci 142 > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

A region of grey matter that forms the outer layer of the cerebrum (brain)

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2
Q

How thick is the cerebral cortex?

A

2-4mm thick

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3
Q

What cells dominate the cerebral cortex?

A

Neurons. (billions in layers)

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4
Q

What happens when brain size increases rapidly? (grey and white matter)

A

Grey matter enlargers fast compared to white matter (underneath)

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5
Q

What are cerbral cortex folds called? (the peaks)

A

Gyrus (gyri)

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6
Q

What are the cerebal cortex small valleys called?

A

Sulcus (sulci)

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7
Q

The deepest grooves/valleys between folds are called?

A

Fissures

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8
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure (falx cerebri) do?

A

Separates the cerebral cortex into 2 hemispheres (LHS and RHS)

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9
Q

What are the four cerbral cortex lobes?

A

frontal, occipital, temporal and porietal

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10
Q

The frontal lobe controls:

A

Cognitive function, intelligence, mood, behaviour, personality

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11
Q

The temporal lobe controls:

A

Memory, intelligence, aggression, mood

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12
Q

The occipital lobe controls:

A

primary visual cortex

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13
Q

Parietal lobe controls:

A

Spatial skills and 3D recognition

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14
Q

The temporal and frontal lobe both play a role in controlling what?

A

Intelligence and mood

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15
Q

The frontal lobe and parietal lobe are primarily separated by what fissure?

A

Lateral fissure

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16
Q

The temporal lobe and parietal lobe are partially separated by what fissure?

A

Lateral fissure

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17
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Broad band of white matter containing axons between hemispheres which connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

What is the cerebrum described as?

A

A sea of intelligence (provides us with the ability to read, write, and speak; to make calculations and compose music; to remember the past and plan for the future; and to create.)

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19
Q

The precentral (major) gyrus is before or after the central sulcus?

A

Before

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20
Q

The postcentral (major) gyrus is located before or after the central sulcus?

A

After

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21
Q

What does the precentral gyrus contain?

A

Primary motor area

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22
Q

What does the postcentral gyrus contain?

A

Primary somatosensory area

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23
Q

What is insula?

A

The fifth part of the cerebrum. It cannot be seen at the surface of the brain.

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24
Q

Cerebral white matter contains what?

A

Myelinated axons

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25
Q

How many types of tracts does cerebral white matter have and what are they?

A

3 - association, commissural and projection tracts

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26
Q

Association tracts contain what?

A

Axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere.

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27
Q

Commissural tracts contain what?

A

Axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere. Three important groups of commissural tracts are the corpus callosum (the largest fibre bundle in the brain, containing about 300 million fibres), anterior commissure, and posterior commissure.

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28
Q

Projection tracts contain what?

A

Axons that conduct nerve impulses from gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other cerebral hemisphere. Three important groups of commissural tracts are the corpus callosum (the largest fibre bundle in the brain, containing about 300 million fibres), anterior commissure, and posterior commissure.

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29
Q

What are the basal nuclei?

A

Three nuclei deep within each hemisphere (grey matter masses)

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30
Q

What is the role of basal nuclei?

A

Basal nuclei help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulate muscle tone

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31
Q

What are the basal nuclei next (lateral) to?

A

Thalamus

32
Q

What are the three basal nuclei?

A

Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus

33
Q

What do sensory areas recieve?

A

Sensory information and are involved in perception, the conscious awareness of a sensation

34
Q

Parts of the limbic system:

A
35
Q

What do motor areas control? (e.g. primary motor area)

A

Sensory information and are involved in perception, the conscious awareness of a sensation

36
Q

What do association areas control?

A

deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits, and intelligence

37
Q

Brocas area (in frontal lobe) does what?

A

plans and articualtes speech

38
Q

Wernickes areas does what?

A

Helps understand and process speech

39
Q

Arcuate fasiculus is abundle of white matter that connects wernickes to brocas area so that…

A

speech can be interpreted and then articulated

40
Q

Wernickes and brocas are connected by what?

A

Arcuate Fasciculus

41
Q

What does the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe allow for?

A

allows you to recognise a particular sound as speech, music, or noise

42
Q

How is the primary auditory cortex organised?

A

In a tonotopic way = tone in relation to time which can then be ordered logically and interpreted by the wernickes area

43
Q

What does aphasia impact?

A

Broca’s speech area, Wernicke’s (posterior language) area, and other language areas are located in the left cerebral hemisphere of most people

44
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Damage to language areas of the cerebral cortex

45
Q

Non-fluent aphasia =

A

Damage to brocas speech area, which results in an inability to properly articulate or form words (e.g. know what you want to say but can’t say it)

46
Q

Fluent aphasia =

A

damage to wernickes area resulting in faulty understanding erstaning of spoken or written words. (e.g. stringing words together with no meaning)

47
Q

What does homunculus mean?

A

A representation of the human body in the brain - different areas of that part of the brain correspond to areas of the body (A body map)

48
Q

Why do some parts of the body have a larger representation in the primary motor cortex than others?

A

Some areas of the body have larger representation because there needs to be finer control of the muscles innervated in that area

49
Q

What is the function of the pyramidal tract?

A

Initiating, controlling and stopping voluntary movement

50
Q

What type of movement in the pyramidal pathway important for?

A

Voluntary movement

51
Q

upper motor neurons are also known as

A

pyramidal cells

52
Q

Pyramidal tract: UMN descend from where (begin)

A

Primary motor cortex

53
Q

Pyramidal tract pathway order:

A

Primary motor cortex - Internal capsule (bypassing thalamus, crus cerebri and pons) - Pontine nuclei (where deviation into smaller bundles occur - medulla - (85% neurons decussate into pyramidal decussation and lateral corticospinal tract) - other 15% of axons down vertical cortico spinal tract before decussating at the spinal segmental level of LMN - leaves through ventral root to innervate skeletal muscles

54
Q

The pyramidal tract works closely with

A

The basal ganglia system

55
Q

The basal ganglia system has what role?

A

initiates, smooths and refines movement

56
Q

Where does the basal ganglia system loop from and to?

A

Looping from the premotor cortex through the basal ganglia circuitry back to the premotor cortex, the nerves of which stimulate the upper motor neurons of the pyramidal tract, located in the primary motor cortex.

57
Q

Damage to lower motor neurons causes?

A

Flacid paralysis

58
Q

Damage to upper motor neurons causes?

A

Spastic paralysis

59
Q

Symptoms of flaccid paralysis?

A

no nervous control of muscle at all and decreased muscle activation and therefore less/decreased tone

60
Q

Symptoms of spastic paralysis?

A

Jerky movements and increased muscle activation and therefore more/increased tone

61
Q

Does the basal ganglia have direct input/output to spinal chord?

A

No

62
Q

Roles of the basal ganglia in movement control:

A

conveying mood through thought, initiating movement, modifying movement to be smoother/more controlled/precise

63
Q

Does the cerebellum have direct output (not input) to the spinal chord?

A

Yes

64
Q

Roles of the cerebellum in movement control:

A

Maintains balance,
Coordinates, maps, terminates and works with unconscious movement e.g. swinging arms while walking,
Adjusts movements to account for discrepancy between planned and actual movements

65
Q

Diseases involving the left side of the cerebellum results in what?

A

uncoordinated movements and the loss of balance on the left side of the body, and lesions of the basal ganglia on the left side of the brain result in unrefined movements on the right side of the body.

66
Q

Left spastic paralysis is due to damage to what cortex in what hemisphere??

A

Primary motor cortex, right hemisphere

67
Q

Left spastic paralysis in the primary motor cortext affects what gyrus in what lobe?

A

precentral gyrus, frontal lobe

68
Q

In spastic paralysis is the UMN or LMN impacted?

A

UMN. (transmitting information from the cortical area for the left side of the face and upper limb being damaged. )

69
Q

A loss of sensation in the left hand would have been due to damage in … cortex of the … hemisphere

A

somatosensory cortex, right hemisphere

70
Q

A loss of sensation in the left hand would have been due to damage in the somatosensory cortex occurs in what gyrus and lobe?

A

post sentral gyrus and parietal lobe

71
Q

A loss of sensation in the left hand corresponds to hand dmaage in what?

A

the homunculus

72
Q

A loss of hearing is due to damage in what cortex?

A

Primary auditory cortex (right hemisphere if damage occurs in left ear)

73
Q

A loss of hearing in the left ear is a result of damage to the primary auditory cortex would occur in what gyrus?

A

Superior temporal gyrus

74
Q

Problems with non-verbal communication would be due to damage in the dominant or non-dominant at hemisphere?

A

Non- dominant (usually right hemisphere)

parietal association cortex is most likely affected

75
Q

What are the characteristic motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?

A

hypokinesia (inc bod movement), tremor at rest, rigidity

Medsci 142 (6 decks)

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