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Medsci 142 > Lab 2 - Brain > Flashcards

Lab 2 - Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What do the brain and spinal chord develop from?

A

ectodermal neural tube

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2
Q

What are the four major parts of the brain?

A

brain stem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum

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3
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

Consists of the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain and is continuous with the spinal chord

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4
Q

Is the diencephalon superior or anterior to brain stem?

A

superior

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5
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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6
Q

What area of the brain is the largest?

A

cerebrum

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7
Q

What are the brains protective coverings?

A

Cranium and cranial meninges

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8
Q

Cranial meninges are continuous and share names with what?

A

spinal meninges

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9
Q

What are the layers of cranial meninges?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

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10
Q

The dura mater is what layer of the cranial meninges?

A

outer

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11
Q

The arachnoid mater is what layer of the cranial meninges?

A

middle

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12
Q

The pia mater is what layer of the cranial meninges?

A

inner

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13
Q

Difference between cranial dura mater and spinal dura mater?

A

the cranial dura mater has two layers; the spinal dura mater has only one

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14
Q

What are the two dura mater layers called?

A

Periosteal (outer) and minengeal (inner) layer

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15
Q

Role of the dura mater layers (dural layers)?

A

The dural layers around the brain are fused together except where they separate to enclose the dural venous sinuses (endothelial-lined venous channels) that drain venous blood from the brain and deliver it into the internal jugular veins. Also, there is no epidural space around the brain.

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16
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

is a clear, colourless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries. It also carries small amounts of oxygen, glucose, and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia.

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17
Q

Where does cerebrospinal fluid continuously circulate through?

A

cavities in the brain and spinal cord and around the brain and spinal cord in the subarachnoid space (the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater)

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18
Q

Total CSF in adults?

A

80 to 150 mL

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19
Q

What molecules are found in CSF?

A

CSF contains small amounts of glucose, proteins, lactic acid, urea, cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), and anions (Cl− and HCO3−); it also contains some white blood cells.

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20
Q

What are ventricles in relation to CSF?

A

CSF filled cavities in the brain

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21
Q

How many ventricles are there?

A

1 lateral ventricle (per side) separated by membrane septum pellucidum and the third ventricle is a narrow slitlike cavity along the midline superior to the hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus. The fourth ventricle lies between the brain stem and the cerebellum.

22
Q

3 main CSF functions?

A

mechanical protection, homeostatic function, circulation

23
Q

what is mechanical protection of the CSF?

A

CSF serves as a shock-absorbing medium that protects the delicate tissues of the brain and spinal cord from jolts that would otherwise cause them to hit the bony walls of the cranial cavity and vertebral canal. The fluid also buoys the brain so that it ‘floats’ in the cranial cavity.

24
Q

What is homeostatic function of CSF?

A

The pH of the CSF affects pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow, which is important in maintaining homeostatic controls for brain tissue. CSF also serves as a transport system for polypeptide hormones secreted by hypothalamic neurons that act at remote sites in the brain.

25
Q

What is CSF’s role in circulation?

A

CSF is a medium for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and adjacent nervous tissue.

26
Q

Where is the majority of CSF produced?

A

Choroid plexuses (network of capillaries in the walls of ventricles), with epidymal cells around it joined by tight junctions which secrete substances flowing through the choroid plexus.

27
Q

What do ependymal cells surrounding the choroid plexus do?

A

Selected substances (mostly water) from the blood plasma, which are filtered from the capillaries, are secreted by the ependymal cells to produce the cerebrospinal fluid.

28
Q

what creates the blood-cerebrospinal barrier?

A

tight junctions between ependymal cells, materials entering CSF from choroid capillaries cannot leak between these cells; instead, they must pass through the ependymal cells.

29
Q

blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier permeability ?

A

Semi-permeable: certain substances to enter the CSF but excludes others, protecting the brain and spinal cord from potentially harmful blood-borne substances.

30
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

arachnoid villi (fingerlike projections in the arachnoid mater)

31
Q

The cerebral cortex has three main areas:

A

sensory, motor and association areas

32
Q

Sensory areas:

A

receive sensory information and are involved in perception, the conscious awareness of a sensation

33
Q

Motor areas:

A

control the execution of voluntary movements

34
Q

Association areas:

A

deal with more complex integrative functions such as memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality traits, and intelligence

35
Q

Sensory areas are usually found:

A

behind central sulci (posterior)

36
Q

What is found in the forebrain?

A

superficial (cortex, corpus callosum, parieto-occipital sulcus, calcarine sulcus, primary visual corex), basal ganglia, diencephalon

37
Q

What is cortex?

A

grey matter thrown into ridges (gyri) and folds (sulci)

38
Q

Corpus callosum is what?

A

A white matter tract carrying information between the hemispheres

39
Q

what is the parieto-occipital sulcus?

A

a very deep sulcus that crosses the posterior part of the hemisphere and divides the internal occipital lobe from the parietal and internal temporal lobes

40
Q

What is the calcarine sulcus?

A

The calcarine sulcus (or calcarine fissure) is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain of humans and other primates.

41
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex found? What is its role?

A

Centred on the calcarine sulcus in the occipital lobe (bottom front), receives visual information and is involved in visual perception

42
Q

Basal ganglia are found where in the forebrain?

A

buried deep within each hemisphere

43
Q

Diencephalon in the forebrain hold what?

A

The thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, third ventricle

44
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

relays almost all sensory input to the cortex

45
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

controls internal body functions and the autonomic nervous system

46
Q

Where is the pituitary gland and what is it controlled by?

A

attached and controlled by the hypothalamus (always torn off when brain is removed from the skull)

47
Q

What is in the midbrain?

A

Superior/inferior colliculi, cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles

48
Q

What do the superior and inferior colliculi of the midbrain do?

A

found at roof of midbrain, minor role in controlling eye movements and movements related to auditory stimuli

49
Q

Cerebral aqueduct is found where?

A

narrow passage linking the 3rd and 4th ventricles (thick as a matchstick)

50
Q

What do cerebral peduncles do and what are they made up of (midbrain)?

A

carry info between cerebral cortex and the spinal chord (corticospinal fibres) and cortext to pons (corticopontine fibres). They are thick white matter tracts making up the floor of the midbrain

51
Q

What is found in the hindbrain?

A

cerebellum, pons, medulla, fourth ventricle

Medsci 142 (6 decks)

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