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Workshops Block 2 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main anatomical divisions of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What do the brain and spinal cord contain?

A

Neural tissue, connective tissues, and blood vessels

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4
Q

What are the two main functions of the CNS?

A

Processing and coordinating

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5
Q

What are the three things the CNS processes and coordinates?

A
  1. sensory data from both inside and outside the body,
  2. motor commands that control the activities of peripheral organs (like skeletal muscle),
  3. higher functions of the brain like intelligence, memory, learning, and emotion.
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6
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

All neural tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What are some structures of the PNS?

A

Sensors, motor neurons, and nerves

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8
Q

What are the functions of the PNS?

A

Deliver sensory info to the CNS and carry motor commands to peripheral tissue + systems

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9
Q

What’s the difference between afferent and efferent?

A

Afferent is to CNS, efferent is from CNS

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10
Q

What does the afferent division do?

A

It carries sensory info form the PNS sensory receptors to the CNS. Receptors

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11
Q

What does the efferent division do?

A

It carries motor commands from the CNS to the PNS to the effectors (muscles and glands). Effectors

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12
Q

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

The somatic nervous system (SNS) and the automatic nervous system (ANS)

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13
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

The sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division

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14
Q

What does the SNS do?

A

It controls skeletal muscle contractions/ voluntary contractions

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15
Q

What does the ANS do?

A

It controls subconscious contractions/ contractions of smooth and cardiac muscle

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16
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic division?

A

It has a stimulating effect

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17
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathetic division?

A

It has a relaxing effect

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18
Q

What are the two types of neural tissues?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

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19
Q

What are neurons?

A

They’re neural tissues that send and receive signals and and are the basic functional units of the nervous system

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20
Q

What are neuroglia?

A

They’re neural tissues that support and protect neurons

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21
Q

Where are neurons commonly found?

A

In the central nervous system (CNS)

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22
Q

What do neurons look like?

A

They have a cell body, short branched dendrites, and a long single axon

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23
Q

What are makes up neural tissue cells and neurons?

A

They have a large nucleus and nucleolus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, RER and ribosomes that make up the nissl bodies, and a cytoskeleton

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24
Q

What don’t neural tissue cells and neurons have?

A

They don’t have centrioles

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25
Q

What do nissl bodies do?

A

They produce neurotransmitters

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26
Q

What is a characteristic of dendrites?

A

They’re highly branched

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27
Q

What do dendrites make up?

A

Dendrites make up 80-90% of neuron surface area

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28
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

They receive information from other neurons

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29
Q

What is a characteristic of axons?

A

They’re long

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30
Q

What do axons do?

A

They carry electrical signals (action potentials) to the target

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31
Q

What different parts do axons have?

A

They have axon hillocks, collaterals, and synaptic terminals

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32
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A

It’s a thick section of an axon cell’s body and it attaches to the initial segment

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33
Q

What is a collateral?

A

The branches of a single axon

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34
Q

What are synaptic terminals?

A

They’re the tips of an axon, and are also known as axon terminals

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35
Q

What is a characteristic of bipolar neurons?

A

They’re small

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36
Q

What makes up a bipolar neuron?

A

One dendrite and one axon

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37
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

They’re found in special sensory organs

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38
Q

What are very long axons?

A

Unipolar neurons

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39
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

Very long axons

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40
Q

What are unipolar neurons fused to?

A

Dendrites and an axon

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41
Q

What’s a characteristic of unipolar neurons?

A

The cell body is to one side

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42
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found?

A

In sensory parts of the PNS

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43
Q

What’s a characteristic of multipolar neurons?

A

They have multiple dendrites and one axon

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44
Q

Where are multipolar neurons commonly found?

A

In the CNS, and it includes all skeletal muscle motor neurons

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45
Q

What are the three functional classifications of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

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46
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Afferent neurons of the PNS

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47
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Efferent neurons of the PNS

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48
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Association neurons

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49
Q

What are cells that support and protect neurons?

A

Neuroglia

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50
Q

What are cells that send and receive signals?

A

Neurons

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51
Q

What are the basic functional units of the nervous system?

A

Neurons

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52
Q

What carries electrical signals to the target?

A

Axons

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53
Q

What part of the axon attaches to the initial segment?

A

The axon hillock

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54
Q

What are branches of a single axon called?

A

Collaterals

55
Q

What are the tips of an axon called?

A

Synaptic terminals

56
Q

What type of neurons are afferent neurons of the PNS?

A

Sensory neurons

57
Q

What are efferent neurons of the PNS called?

A

Motor neurons

58
Q

What are association neurons called?

A

Interneurons

59
Q

What is the area where a neuron communicates with another cell called?

A

A synapse

60
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The place where a neuron communicates with another cell

61
Q

What is a presynaptic cell/neuron?

A

The neuron that sends the message

62
Q

What is a postsynaptic cell?

A

The cell that receives the message

63
Q

What is the synaptic cleft?

A

The small gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

64
Q

What is the small gap that separates the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes called?

A

The synaptic cleft

65
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemical messengers

66
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released?

A

At the presynaptic membrane

67
Q

What do neurotransmitters affect?

A

They affect the receptors of the postsynaptic membrane

68
Q

What breaks down neurotransmitters?

A

Enzymes break down neurotransmitters and recycle them

69
Q

What makes up nearly half the volume of the nervous system?

A

The neuroglia

70
Q

What are the different types of neuroglia in the CNS?

A

Ependymal cells, astrocytes, microglia, and ogliodendrocytes

71
Q

What are the different types of neuroglia in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

72
Q

What forms the epithelium called the ependema?

A

Ependymal cells

73
Q

What do ependymal cells form?

A

The epithelium called the ependyma

74
Q

What do ependymal cells line?

A

They line the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain

75
Q

What do ependymal cells secrete?

A

They secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

76
Q

What secretes cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Ependymal cells

77
Q

What do ependymal cells have?

A

They have cilia or microvilli that circulate the CSF

78
Q

What do ependymal cells monitor?

A

The CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)

79
Q

What do ependymal cells/ the ependyma contain?

A

They contain stem cells for repair

80
Q

What do astrocytes maintain?

A

They maintain the blood-brain barrier

81
Q

What do astrocytes repair?

A

They repair damaged neural tissue

82
Q

What do astrocytes guide?

A

They guide neuron development

83
Q

What are astrocytes called in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells

84
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

They maintain the blood-brain barrier, they repair damaged neural tissue, and they guide neuron development

85
Q

Where do microglia migrate?

A

Through neural tissue

86
Q

What migrates through neural tissue?

A

Microglia

87
Q

What do microglia do?

A

They clean up cellular waste, debris, and pathogens

88
Q

What cleans up cellular waste, debris, and pathogens?

A

Microglia

89
Q

What do ogliodendrocytes do?

A

They wrap around axons to form a myelin sheath

90
Q

What does the myelin sheath do?

A

It increases the speed of action potentials and makes nerves appear white

91
Q

What do Schwann cells form?

A

They form the myelin sheath around peripheral axons

92
Q

What makes up the myelin sheath around peripheral axons?

A

Schwann cells

93
Q

What are internodes?

A

Myelinated segments of the axon

94
Q

What are the myelinated segments of the axon called?

A

Internodes

95
Q

What are nodes also called?

A

The Nodes of Ranvier

96
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

The exposed parts of axons

97
Q

Where may axons branch?

A

At the nodes of ranvier

98
Q

What may happen at the nodes of ranvier?

A

The axons may branch

99
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient?

A

The sum of chemical and electrical forces acting on the ion across the cell membrane

100
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient a form of?

A

It’s a form of potential energy

101
Q

What is an example of a form of potential energy?

A

The electrochemical gradient

102
Q

What are some examples of ions that have electrochemical gradients?

A

Na+ and K+

103
Q

What are the two different types of ion channels?

A

Passive and active

104
Q

What type of ion channels is leaky and always open?

A

Passive

105
Q

What are some characteristics of passive ion channels?

A

They’re leaky and always open, and their permeability changes with conditions

106
Q

What are some characteristics of active ion channels?

A

They’re gated channels and open/ close in response to stimuli

107
Q

What are gated channels also called?

A

Active ion channels

108
Q

What are the three types of active channels?

A

Chemical, voltage, and mechanical

109
Q

When do chemically gated channels open?

A

When they’re bound to chemicals

110
Q

Where are chemically gated channels found?

A

On the neuron cell body and dendrites

111
Q

What makes voltage gated channels open?

A

With electricity

112
Q

Where are voltage gated channels found?

A

They’re found in the axons, sarcolemma, and the heart

113
Q

What makes mechanically gated channels open?

A

They respond to membrane distortion

114
Q

Where are mechanically gated channels found?

A

They’re found in sensory receptors

115
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

Changes in transmembrane potential that can’t spread far from the site of stimulation

116
Q

What are changes in transmembrane potential called?

A

Graded potentials

117
Q

What produces a graded potential?

A

Any stimulus that opens a graded channel

118
Q

What happens when the stimulus is removed?

A

The transmembrane potential returns to normal

119
Q

What is step 1 of a graded potential?

A

The resting membrane is exposed to a chemical, and the sodium ion channel opens. Sodium ions enter true cell, and transmembrane potential rises, causing depolarization

120
Q

What is step 2 of a graded potential?

A

The movement of Na+ ions through the channel produces a local current, which depolarizes the nearby cell membrane (graded potential).

121
Q

What is proportional to the change in potential?

A

The stimulus is proportional to the change in potential

122
Q

What powers the sodium potassium pump?

A

ATP

123
Q

What exchanges 3Na+ for 2K+?

A

The sodium potassium pump

124
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump exchange?

A

It exchanges 3Na+ for 2K+

125
Q

What does the sodium potassium pump do (as a whole)?

A

It maintains and restores the resting potential of -70mV

126
Q

What does hyperpolarization do?

A

It increases the negativity of the resting potential

127
Q

What results in hyperpolarizartion?

A

The opening of a potassium channel results in hyperpolarization

128
Q

During hyperpolarization, what happens to the positive ions?

A

The positive ions move out, not into the cell

129
Q

What is the opposite effect of opening a sodium channel?

A

Hyperpolarization

130
Q

The opening of what channel has the opposite effect of opening a sodium channel?

A

The opening of a potassium channel creates the opposite effect of opening a sodium channel

131
Q

regulate the
stability and packing density of microtubules. MAP2 is specifically localized to dendrites,

whereas another MAP, tau, is found in axons

A

Microtubule Associated Proteins (MAPs)

132
Q

Where is Tau found?

A

Axons

133
Q

regulate the

stability and packing density of microtubules.

A

Microtubule associated proteins (MAPS)

Workshops Block 2 (5 decks)

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