Histology

Question 1

Answer 1

Left: fibroblast nuclei

Right: adipose

Question 2

Answer 2

circled region: loose irregular CT

uncircled area: Dense CT (in comparison to the circled region)

Question 3

Answer 3

dense irregular CT

Question 4

Answer 4

loose irregular CT

(many of the small dark round cells are lymphocytes)

Question 5

Answer 5

dense irregular CT

Question 6

Answer 6

Desnse regular CT (transverse view)

**note the all round cross-section of nuclei

Question 7

Answer 7

Dense regular CT (longitudunal view)

** note the long slender nuclei that are all parallel to the fibers

Question 8

What are Reticulin fibers?

Answer 8

Responsible for forming the scaffolding to help non-epithelial cells aggregate/come together, but easily move about

* Most organs form some reticulin

Question 9

lacunae

Answer 9

an unfilled space or interval

Question 10

Answer 10

Hyaline cartilage

(translucent blueish-white type of cartilage present in the joints, the respiratory tract, and the immature skeleton)

** Stains light blue and pink

Question 11

Perichondrium

Answer 11

connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint

“around” “cartilage”

Question 12

Answer 12

Elastic Cartilage

** less blue with promint rings around lacunae

**dense ground substance that merges with perichondrium

Question 13

Answer 13

Fibrocartilage

**** linear fibrillar appearance and is red due to Type I Collagen

** Lacunae are a bit harder to find but if you look carefully they’re there

Question 14

Answer 14

small, round dark nuclei = lymphocytes

Large cells w brown cytoplasm = macrophages (fed india ink but can be seen without it)

Question 15

Describe the functions of the connective tissue types.

Answer 15

Functions: structure/support, and strength/scaffold and provides a path for distribution of resources throughout the body

Molecs diffuse short dist through CT from epithelia/organs to small blood vessels (capillaries) and vise versa

Long distance is usually via blood

Question 16

Name the types of cellular and acellular components of connective tissue. (FAG-C)

Answer 16

1. Fibrous structural protiens
2. Ground substances
3. Adhesion proteins
4. Cells

Question 17

Fibrous structural proteins

Answer 17

Collagen (most abundant protein in body)

Elastin fibers (returns pinched skin to normal shape)

Reticulin fibers (type III, very delicate scaffold)

Question 18

Glycosylated proteins and polysaccharides (like jell-o e.g. solid enough so water doesn’t slosh out and wet enough so chemicals can easily diffuse)

Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)

Chondroitin sulfate

Extracellular matrix

Answer 18

Ground Substance

Question 19

Binds major CT molecs and cells temporarily or permanently

Fibronectin, laminins, integrins

Answer 19

Adhesion proteins

Question 20

make collagen and ground substance

Answer 20

Fibroblast and myofibroblast

Question 21

(most CT lack them but sometimes found, produce hormones in response to meals and respond to insulin)

Answer 21

Adipocytes

Question 22

What are the types of Inflammatory Cells

Answer 22

1. Mast cells
2. Macrophages
3. Lymphocytes
4. Plasma cells

Question 23

initiation and control of inflammation, responsible for itching, produce a lot of cytokines, histamine

Question 24

phagocytize foreign material, organisms, degenerating cells, and proteins “macs” or histocytes “tissue cells”

Answer 24

Macrophages

Question 25

small, round nuclei, scant/imperceptible cytoplasm. Adaptive immune system and can be trained to take on any pathogen

Answer 25

Lymphocytes

Question 26

end stage of lymphocytes differentiation and produce a lot of antibodies, present in loose CT

Answer 26

Plasma cells

Question 27

Aka areolar CT Contains thin collagen fibers, a lot of ground substances and capillaries (tiny blood vessels) Contains a few more of inflammatory cells than other CT and more inflammatory cells in some cases Looseness corr w metabolic activity

Answer 27

Loose irregular

Question 28

cloth-like wrapping to strengthen and protect Looks like woven cloth so collagen is cut at multiple diff angles Wraps/separates (aka capsules or fascia) other structures Made of thick bundles of collagen with elastic fibers to help retain shape Gives skin its strength

Answer 28

Dense irregular

Question 29

rope-like to transmit forces (tendons) Has thick, parallel bundles of collagen and has a lot of strength Few vessels and little ground substance Slight stretch due to few elastic fibers

Answer 29

Dense regular

Question 30

CUSHION B/W BONES COMPOSED OF MAINLY CHONDRIOTIN Hyaline: pale blue to pink, homogenous and forms cushion between joint and bone Elastic: pliable and regains shape when force is removed Fibrocartilage: cross between dense irregular CT and hyaline cartilage, has type 1 cartilage

Answer 30

Cartilage

Question 31

calcium hydroxyapatite gives rigidity and strength to bones (calcium and phosphate)

Answer 31

Bones

Question 32

Answer 32

Stratified squamous

Question 33

Answer 33

Psuedostratified columnar

Question 34

Answer 34

Acinar cells with serous secretions This is a acinar gland with a dark purple serous secretion (versus the pale secretion of the mucinous glands.) There is a central duct with a cuboidal epithelium. You cannot tell whether it is compound in this small image because there is not enough of the whole structure to see whether there is a single or branching duct. There are no secretory tubules present.

Question 35

What does the basement membrane do?

Answer 35

- Separates the epithelium from the loose connective tissue - **always true! The endothelial cells are also separated for the loose CT by the BM (the BM as described in choice B. is on the wrong side of the endothelium.) Mesothelial cells, like epi- and endo- thelial cells, always have a BM. BM is only on the “bottom” side of the basal layer of cells, not separating epithelial cells from one another.**

Question 36

The duct of a gland:

Answer 36

A.Is the only part of the gland which secretes. B.May secrete into or absorb from the lumen. C.Only conducts the secretion of the acinus to the surface. D.Has an epithelium that is identical to the epithelium in the acini. B. Answer: The majority of secretion from a gland occurs in the acinus (or tubule.) A major role of the duct is to provide a pathway from the secretory parts of the gland to the nearby surface, but ducts invariably absorb or secrete something to modify the final product delivered to the surface. Since ducts have discrete functions from the acini (or tubules) they usually have a distinct appearance.

Question 37

The basement membrane is made of:

Answer 37

Made by the cells of the loose connective tissue and the epithelium Answer: The BM is the product of the epithelium and the underlying loose connective tissue. They both contribute.

Question 38

What is the function of a desmosome?

Answer 38

A.Hold epithelial cells together B.Prohibit material from passing between the cells C.Allow cells to communicate with their neighbors through cytoplasmic bridges. D.Bind cells to the basement membrane. Answer: Desmosome are one of the major cell junctions, they lock cells together. The tight junction performs function B. and the gap junction does function C. A hemi-desmosome (half desmosome) is similar to a desmosome but binds a cell to the basement membrane.

Question 39

What is the direction that resources flow for resources and waste

Answer 39

Outside environment --\> Epithelium --\> Loose CT------\>interconnected capillaries BM --\> Endothelium

Question 40

What are the 2 main characteristic ways that epithelium is named?

Answer 40

1. shape of cells on top layer 2. number layers of the cell

Question 41

In which mechanism of secretion does the entire cell burst to release its products

Answer 41

Holocrine

Question 42

“apex” – the top of the cell is filled with secretion and then “pinched-off” into the lumen (cell is still viable)

Answer 42

Apocrine

Question 43

– secretion is put in vacuoles that merge with the surface cell membrane and release the secretory product.

Answer 43

Merocrine

Question 44

Most epithelial linings are derived from which embryologic material?

Answer 44

ectoderm and endoderm

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of a unicellular gland?

Answer 45

Goblet cells \*\*appear periodically in some columnar epithelia \*\*mucinous glands and stand out from the serous background epithelium

Question 46

groups of secretory cells in more complex glands

Answer 46

acini

Question 47

one of the cells lining the duct that connects acini to the surfac

Answer 47

duct cells