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Workshops Block 2 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q
A

Left: fibroblast nuclei

Right: adipose

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2
Q
A

circled region: loose irregular CT

uncircled area: Dense CT (in comparison to the circled region)

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3
Q
A

dense irregular CT

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4
Q
A

loose irregular CT

(many of the small dark round cells are lymphocytes)

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5
Q
A

dense irregular CT

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6
Q
A

Desnse regular CT (transverse view)

**note the all round cross-section of nuclei

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7
Q
A

Dense regular CT (longitudunal view)

** note the long slender nuclei that are all parallel to the fibers

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8
Q

What are Reticulin fibers?

A

Responsible for forming the scaffolding to help non-epithelial cells aggregate/come together, but easily move about

* Most organs form some reticulin

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9
Q

lacunae

A

an unfilled space or interval

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10
Q
A

Hyaline cartilage

(translucent blueish-white type of cartilage present in the joints, the respiratory tract, and the immature skeleton)

** Stains light blue and pink

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11
Q

Perichondrium

A

connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint

“around” “cartilage”

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12
Q
A

Elastic Cartilage

** less blue with promint rings around lacunae

**dense ground substance that merges with perichondrium

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13
Q
A

Fibrocartilage

**** linear fibrillar appearance and is red due to Type I Collagen

** Lacunae are a bit harder to find but if you look carefully they’re there

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14
Q
A

small, round dark nuclei = lymphocytes

Large cells w brown cytoplasm = macrophages (fed india ink but can be seen without it)

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15
Q

Describe the functions of the connective tissue types.

A

Functions: structure/support, and strength/scaffold and provides a path for distribution of resources throughout the body

Molecs diffuse short dist through CT from epithelia/organs to small blood vessels (capillaries) and vise versa

Long distance is usually via blood

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16
Q

Name the types of cellular and acellular components of connective tissue. (FAG-C)

A
  1. Fibrous structural protiens
  2. Ground substances
  3. Adhesion proteins
  4. Cells
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17
Q

Fibrous structural proteins

A

Collagen (most abundant protein in body)

Elastin fibers (returns pinched skin to normal shape)

Reticulin fibers (type III, very delicate scaffold)

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18
Q

Glycosylated proteins and polysaccharides (like jell-o e.g. solid enough so water doesn’t slosh out and wet enough so chemicals can easily diffuse)

Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid)

Chondroitin sulfate

Extracellular matrix

A

Ground Substance

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19
Q

Binds major CT molecs and cells temporarily or permanently

Fibronectin, laminins, integrins

A

Adhesion proteins

20
Q

make collagen and ground substance

A

Fibroblast and myofibroblast

21
Q

(most CT lack them but sometimes found, produce hormones in response to meals and respond to insulin)

A

Adipocytes

22
Q

What are the types of Inflammatory Cells

A
  1. Mast cells
  2. Macrophages
  3. Lymphocytes
  4. Plasma cells
23
Q

initiation and control of inflammation, responsible for itching, produce a lot of cytokines, histamine

A
24
Q

phagocytize foreign material, organisms, degenerating cells, and proteins “macs” or histocytes “tissue cells”

A

Macrophages

25
Q

small, round nuclei, scant/imperceptible cytoplasm. Adaptive immune system and can be trained to take on any pathogen

A

Lymphocytes

26
Q

end stage of lymphocytes differentiation and produce a lot of antibodies, present in loose CT

A

Plasma cells

27
Q

Aka areolar CT

Contains thin collagen fibers, a lot of ground substances and capillaries (tiny blood vessels)

Contains a few more of inflammatory cells than other CT and more inflammatory cells in some cases

Looseness corr w metabolic activity

A

Loose irregular

28
Q

cloth-like wrapping to strengthen and protect

Looks like woven cloth so collagen is cut at multiple diff angles

Wraps/separates (aka capsules or fascia) other structures

Made of thick bundles of collagen with elastic fibers to help retain shape

Gives skin its strength

A

Dense irregular

29
Q

rope-like to transmit forces (tendons)

Has thick, parallel bundles of collagen and has a lot of strength

Few vessels and little ground substance

Slight stretch due to few elastic fibers

A

Dense regular

30
Q

CUSHION B/W BONES COMPOSED OF MAINLY CHONDRIOTIN

Hyaline: pale blue to pink, homogenous and forms cushion between joint and bone

Elastic: pliable and regains shape when force is removed

Fibrocartilage: cross between dense irregular CT and hyaline cartilage, has type 1 cartilage

A

Cartilage

31
Q

calcium hydroxyapatite gives rigidity and strength to bones (calcium and phosphate)

A

Bones

32
Q
A

Stratified squamous

33
Q
A

Psuedostratified columnar

34
Q
A

Acinar cells with serous secretions

This is a acinar gland with a dark purple serous secretion (versus the pale secretion of the mucinous glands.) There is a central duct with a cuboidal epithelium. You cannot tell whether it is compound in this small image because there is not enough of the whole structure to see whether there is a single or branching duct. There are no secretory tubules present.

35
Q

What does the basement membrane do?

A
  • Separates the epithelium from the loose connective tissue
  • always true! The endothelial cells are also separated for the loose CT by the BM (the BM as described in choice B. is on the wrong side of the endothelium.) Mesothelial cells, like epi- and endo- thelial cells, always have a BM. BM is only on the “bottom” side of the basal layer of cells, not separating epithelial cells from one another.
36
Q

The duct of a gland:

A

A.Is the only part of the gland which secretes.

B.May secrete into or absorb from the lumen.

C.Only conducts the secretion of the acinus to the surface.

D.Has an epithelium that is identical to the epithelium in the acini.

B.

Answer: The majority of secretion from a gland occurs in the acinus (or tubule.) A major role of the duct is to provide a pathway from the secretory parts of the gland to the nearby surface, but ducts invariably absorb or secrete something to modify the final product delivered to the surface. Since ducts have discrete functions from the acini (or tubules) they usually have a distinct appearance.

37
Q

The basement membrane is made of:

A

Made by the cells of the loose connective tissue and the epithelium

Answer: The BM is the product of the epithelium and the underlying loose connective tissue. They both contribute.

38
Q

What is the function of a desmosome?

A

A.Hold epithelial cells together

B.Prohibit material from passing between the cells

C.Allow cells to communicate with their neighbors through cytoplasmic bridges.

D.Bind cells to the basement membrane.

Answer: Desmosome are one of the major cell junctions, they lock cells together. The tight junction performs function B. and the gap junction does function C. A hemi-desmosome (half desmosome) is similar to a desmosome but binds a cell to the basement membrane.

39
Q

What is the direction that resources flow for resources and waste

A

Outside environment –> Epithelium –> Loose CT——>interconnected capillaries BM –> Endothelium

40
Q

What are the 2 main characteristic ways that epithelium is named?

A
  1. shape of cells on top layer
  2. number layers of the cell
41
Q

In which mechanism of secretion does the entire cell burst to release its products

A

Holocrine

42
Q

“apex” – the top of the cell is filled with secretion and then “pinched-off” into the lumen (cell is still viable)

A

Apocrine

43
Q

– secretion is put in vacuoles that merge with the surface cell membrane and release the secretory product.

A

Merocrine

44
Q

Most epithelial linings are derived from which embryologic material?

A

ectoderm and endoderm

45
Q

Which of the following is an example of a unicellular gland?

A

Goblet cells

**appear periodically in some columnar epithelia

**mucinous glands and stand out from the serous background epithelium

46
Q

groups of secretory cells in more complex glands

A

acini

47
Q

one of the cells lining the duct that connects acini to the surfac

A

duct cells

Workshops Block 2 (5 decks)

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