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A&P Exam 3 > Nervous System 1, 2, & 3 > Flashcards

Nervous System 1, 2, & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

What does the Peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

The nerves and ganglia.

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3
Q

What is the afferent nervous system?

A

The sensory nervous system.

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4
Q

What is the efferent nervous system?

A

The motor nervous system.

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5
Q

Describe somatic sensory:

A

The detection of stimuli that we consciously perceive.

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6
Q

Describe visceral sensory:

A

The detection of stimuli that we do not consciously perceive. (blood vessels, internal organs)

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7
Q

Describe the somatic motor system:

A

The transmission of signals from the CNS to voluntary skeletal muscles.

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8
Q

Describe the autonomic motor system:

A

The transmission of signals from the CNS without conscious control.

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9
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of neurons?

A
  1. Excitability (response to stimuli) or inhibitory
  2. Conductivity (electrical charges across membrane)
  3. Secretion (NT release)
  4. Extreme Longevity (with us from birth)
  5. Amitotic (do not replicate)
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10
Q

Describe dendrites:

A

Short processes extending from cell body. They receive input and transfer it to the cell body.

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11
Q

Describe axons:

A

A longer extension of the cell body that makes contact with another cell. It includes the axon hillock, synaptic knobs, and synaptic vesicles.

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12
Q

What does the cytoskeleton consist of?

A

Microfilaments, neurofilaments, and neurofibrils.

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13
Q

What is anterograde transport?

A

Signals from the cell body to the synaptic knobs.

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14
Q

What is retrograde transport?

A

Signals from the synaptic knobs to the cell body.

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15
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

The most common type with many dendrites and only 1 axon.

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16
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

They only have 1 dendrite and 1 axon. (Unique to the retina)

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17
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

They have 1 short neuron process that emerges from the cell and branches like a T.

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18
Q

What are anaxonic neurons?

A

They have only dendrites and no axons. They can produce electrical charges but no action potentials because their signals travel short distances.

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19
Q

What type of neurons does the sensory nervous system consist of?

A

Unipolar and bipolar. Their cell bodies are usually in the posterior root ganglia, outside CNS.

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20
Q

What type of neurons does the motor nervous system consist of?

A

All multipolar. Most cell bodies are in the CNS.

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21
Q

Describe interneurons:

A

Also association neurons. They are entirely within the CNS and receive, process, and store information. Generally multipolar.

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of synapses:

A

Chemical and electrical.

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23
Q

Describe chemical synapses:

A

The release on NT’s and there is usually a delay.

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24
Q

Describe electrical synapses:

A

2 neurons are physically bound together. These signals are faster because there is no delay. In limited regions of brain and eyes.

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25
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Small non-excitatory cells that are in the PNS and CNS.

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26
Q

What is the function of glial cells?

A

To protect and nourish the neurons. They develop before neurons.

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27
Q

What are the functions of astrocytes?

A
  1. Help form the blood brain barrier
  2. Control movement of substances between blood and interstitial fluid.
  3. Form structural network.
  4. Assist neuronal development.
  5. Occupy the space of dying neurons.
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28
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

They are glial cells that line the cavities of the brain and spinal cord. They help to form the choroid plexus which forms the cerebrospinal fluid.

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29
Q

What are microglia cells?

A

Small glial cells that engulf infectious agents and eat away dead neuronal debri.

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30
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Large cells with multiple branches that wrap around an axon insulating them with a myelin sheath. They can myelinate many axons at once in the CNS.

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31
Q

What are satellite cells and what are their functions?

A

They are glial cells of the PNS that arrange around a neuronal cell body. They regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products.

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32
Q

What are Schwann cells and their functions?

A

They are glial cells that ensheathe PNS axons to form myelin sheath. Also known as neurolemmocytes. They can only myelinate 1 axon at a time.

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33
Q

What is myelin?

A

Repeating layers of glial cells around an axon and has a high proportion of lipids.

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34
Q

How is a neurilemma formed?

A

Its formed during Schwann cell myelination when the cytoplasm and nucleus are pushed to the periphery.

35
Q

What are the gaps between Schwann cells?

A

Neurofibril nodes or nodes of Ranvier.

36
Q

Describe chemically gated channels:

A

A channel that needs a NT to bind before allowing passage.

37
Q

Describe voltage gated channels:

A

They open in response to a change in electrical charge across membrane.

38
Q

What makes voltage gated Na+ channels unique?

A

They have 3 phases, closed (normal), open (influs into cell), and inactive (equil. potential). They also have 2 gates, activation and inactivation.

39
Q

What gates are opened/closed during resting state (closed)?

A

Inactivation gate is opened, activation gate is closed.

40
Q

What gates are opened/closed during activation state (open)?

A

Inactivation gate open, activation gate open.

41
Q

What gates are opened/closed during inactivation state?

A

Activation gate open, inactivation gate closed.

42
Q

What substance(s) is more prevalent in the cytosol?

A

Negatively charged ions, K+.

43
Q

What substance(s) are more prevalent in interstitial fluid?

A

Na+, Cl-

44
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

The difference in charge inside and outside of the cell.

45
Q

What is the concentraton of Na+ inside and outside the cell?

A

Outside (extracellular) 145, Inside (intracellular) 15

46
Q

What is the concentration of Cl- inside and outside the cell?

A

Outside (extracellular) 100, inside (intracellular) 7

47
Q

What is the concentration of K+ inside and outside the cell?

A

Outside (extracellular) 5, inside (intracellular) 150.

48
Q

What is the Nernst Equation?

A

Eion = (60mv/1) x log (Ion-out/Ion-in)

49
Q

What is the equil. potential for Na+, K+?

A

59 mv, -88 mv

50
Q

What is the value for resting membrane potential?

A

-70 mV

51
Q

Describe depolarization:

A

When inside the cell becomes more positive than RMP because of an influx of Na+ through voltage gated channels.

52
Q

describe repolarization:

A

K+ gated channels open and K+ effluxes and the cell becomes more negative.

53
Q

What happens around -40 mV?

A

The Na+ channels are inactive.

54
Q

What happens at -55mV?

A

The Na+ channels reach threshold and close.

55
Q

Describe hyperpolarization:

A

When the inside of the cell becomes more negative due to the efflux of K+ or influx of Cl-.

56
Q

What are graded potentials?

A

Local potentials that are dependent on the strength of the stimulus and can be Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential or Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential. The are short lived and decrease in intensity as it moves along the membrane.

57
Q

Where do action potentials begin and why do they occur?

A

At the axon hillock.

58
Q

What is the difference between action potentials and graded potentials?

A

Action potentials maintain intensity towards synaptic knob and are an all or nothing process.

59
Q

What is absolute refractory period?

A

When the cell is becoming more negative and there is no amount of stimulus that can generate a second action potential.

60
Q

What is relative refractory period?

A

When there is a potential for another action potential to begin. This occurs during hyperpolarization.

61
Q

What is Ca+’s role at the synaptic knobs?

A

Ca+ binds to proteins of synaptic vesicles and causes them to fuse with the plasma membrane and NT’s are released into the synaptic cleft.

62
Q

How does the diameter of an axon affect the velocity?

A

The velocity of the signal is increased as the diameter is increased.

63
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Propagation down a myelinated axons.

64
Q

Describe A fibers:

A

Largest diameter
Brief absolute refractory period
Fastest Conduction
Myelinated

65
Q

Describe B fibers:

A

Myelinated
Intermediate diamater
Longer ARP than type A

66
Q

Describe C fibers:

A

Smallest diameter
Slowest propagation
Unmyelinated
Longest ARP

67
Q

What are the 4 types of NTs?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Amino Acids
  3. Monoamines
  4. Neuropeptides
68
Q

Describe acetylcholine NTs:

A

Excitatory or inhibitory. In both the CNS and PNS. This molecule is released by motor neuron at neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

69
Q

Describe amino acids:

A

Building blocks of proteins and some are NTs.

70
Q

Describe monoamines:

A

Derived from some amino acids. A carboxyl group is removed and a functional group is added.

71
Q

Describe neuropeptides:

A

Chains of amino acids including enkephalins and somatostatin.

72
Q

What do neuromodulators do?

A

They are chemicals released to alter the response of neurons towards NTs.

73
Q

When was facilitation neuromodulation occur?

A

When more NTs are released or when there are more receptors on the post synaptic membrane. (greater response in post syn. neuron)

74
Q

When does inhibition neuromodulation occur?

A

When less NTs are released or less receptors are on the post synaptic membrane. (less response in post syn. neuron)

75
Q

What is summation?

A

The addition of graded postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs and EPSPs). This determines if threshold is reached.

76
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

The release of NTs from multiple presynaptic neurrons.

77
Q

What is Temporal summation?

A

Repeated release of excitaory NT at same location. The effects are added if it occurs within a small time frame.

78
Q

How do local anesthetics work?

A

They inhibit the action of voltage gated Na+ channels and block the nerve signal. The pain signal is blocked from reaching the CNS.

79
Q

What are neuronal pools and what are the 4 types?

A

They are complex patterns of grouped interneurons.

  1. converging
  2. diverging
  3. reverberating
  4. parallel-after-discharge
80
Q

Describe converging circuits:

A

Input that converges at a single post synaptic neuron.

81
Q

Describe diverging circuits:

A

Spreads the signal from 1 presynaptic neuron to several post synaptic neurons.

82
Q

Describe reverberating circuits:

A

Utilize feedback to produce repeated cyclical stimulation. They will continue until the cycle is broken or from synaptic fatigue.

83
Q

Describe parallel-after-discharge circuits:

A

Input is transmitted simultaneously along several pathways to a common postsynaptic cell. Believed to be involved in higher order thinking but not all the signals will arrive at the same time.

A&P Exam 3 (3 decks)

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