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DMD 5248 > nervous sys histo (reynolds) > Flashcards

nervous sys histo (reynolds) Flashcards

1
Q

formation of neural tube

A
  1. neural plate thickens 2. neural plate elongates 3. lateral folding 4. fusion of neural folds and separation from ectoderm (NCC)
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2
Q

3 segmented brain

A

prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), rohmbencephalon (hindbrain)

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3
Q

5 segmented brain

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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4
Q

structures from the telencephalon

A

cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum), (lateral ventricles)

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5
Q

structures from the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal body, eyes, (3rd ventricle)

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6
Q

structures from the mesencephalon

A

anterior (visual) and posterior (audio) colliculi, cerebral aquaduct

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7
Q

structures from the metenencephalon

A

cerebellum, pons

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8
Q

structures from the myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

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9
Q

histology in proliferating neural tube

A

pseudostratified epithelium, where DNA synthesis is happening in the external limiting membrane and mitosis is happening in the lumen

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10
Q

neuronal lineage progenitor cell

A

mature neuron or microglial cell

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11
Q

glial lineage progenitor cell

A

oligodendrocyte, type 2 astrocyte, type 1, astorcyte, special glial cells, ependymal cells

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12
Q

briefly describe the cell lineage in the CNS

A

start at neuroepithelium in the neural tube which can turn into a multipotential stem cell, then bipolar progenitor cell, then into neuronal or glial lineage progenitor cell

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13
Q

how do axons and dendrites form?

A

during neurite outgrowth, growth cones with numerous filopodia will extend and contract, testing the local enviornment

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14
Q

holoprosencephaly

A

developmental defect when the ventral forebrain is not induced, cyclopia

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15
Q

hydrocephaly

A

developmental defect when the cerebral aqueduct is block and there is a build up of water on the brain

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16
Q

what does the pons do?

A

relay signals linking the spinal cord and the cerebral cortex with the cerebellum

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17
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

center for balance and posture

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18
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do?

A

relay center between the spinal cord and the higher brain centers and regulates respiration, heartbeat, reflex movements

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19
Q

formation of peripheral nerves

A
  1. outgrowth of axons from motor neurons in the basal plate 2. NCC form spinal ganglion 3. interneurons form between sensory neuron termination and motor neurons 4. reflex arc is formed
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20
Q

t/f. NCC form all sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia

A

true.

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21
Q

hirschsprungs disease

A

a lack of colonization of NCCs in wall of lower colon, so theres a lack of parasympathetic innervation and no peristalsis.
symptoms - complete constipation in newborns

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22
Q

schwann cells

A

NCC derivatives that wrap around the nerve process like a jelly roll

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23
Q

carcot-marie-tooth

A

demyelinating polyneuropathy where there is slowed nerve conduction. No cure.

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24
Q

t/f. there is a lot of myelin in neurites.

A

false. there is a lot of actin in neurites (cytoplasmic outgrowths that will become an axon or dendrite)

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25
Q

environmental influences for neurite outgrowth

A

chemoattraction, chemo repulsion, contact attraction, contact repulsion

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26
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of axons

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27
Q

stabilization of axons

A

interaction between neuron and target structure; influence connection type and number

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28
Q

mechanism of stabilization

A

apoptosis to eliminate axons that don’t reach the normal target and connection errors, and to reduce the size of neuronal pool to match target or presynaptic input

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29
Q

what is epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)?

A

when NCC slowly lose thier epithelial characteristics like gap junctions, cell adhesion, and become mobile, non polar, and gain integrins

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30
Q

3 divisions of NCCs

A

cranial, circumpharyngeal, trunk

31
Q

what do cranial NCCs form?

A

tissues of the face

32
Q

what do circumpharyngeal

NCCs form?

A

vagal and cardiac crest cells

33
Q

precursors to parasympathetic innervation

A

vagal crest cells

34
Q

what is the most diverse division of NCC that leave after the NT closes?

A

trunk NCC

35
Q

3 pathways of trunk NCC

A

dorsolateral, ventrolateral, ventral

36
Q

dorsolateral cells

A

melanocytes

37
Q

ventrolateral cells

A

sensory ganglia

38
Q

ventral cells

A

sympathoadrenal (chromaffin cells, sympathetic ganglia and neurons)

39
Q

albinism

A

neurocristopathy with pigmentation defect

40
Q

neurofibromatosis

A

neurocristopathy with peripheral nerve tumors

41
Q

DiGeorge syndrome

A

neurocrisopathy affecting the development of the craniofacial and cardiovascular system

42
Q

components of CNS

A

brain and spinal cord

43
Q

components of PNS

A

nerves (sensory and motor)

44
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

signals from receptors to the CNS

45
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

signals from the CNS to affector tissues

46
Q

interneurons

A

signals between neurons

47
Q

neuroglial cell funciton

A

provide neuronal support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, participates in transmission

48
Q

neuron characteristics

A

conducting potential, longevity, amitotic, high metabolic rate

49
Q

nissl body

A

neuronal RER in the soma, aka “gray matter”

50
Q

dendrite function

A

receive impulses and carry them to soma, increase surface area

51
Q

axon function

A

carry AP away from soma, originate at axon hillock

52
Q

3 parts of synapse

A

presynaptic neuron (send neurotransmitters), synaptic cleft, postsynaptic neuron (receptors on surface)

53
Q

neuronal resting potential

A

-70mV

54
Q

t/f. the cell is more negative on the outside of the cell

A

FALSE. more negative on the inside

55
Q

what do leaky Na+ channels do?

A

aka graded potentials, allow of a little of Na to leak in and cause the dendrite to be depolarized. if the initial GP is sufficient, it can spread to the axon hillock and allow voltage gated ion channel to open for an AP

56
Q

types of glial cells

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, schwann cells, satellite cells

57
Q

astrocytes

A

CNS
largest and most numerous, maintains BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER, controls ionic environment, assists in migration of developing neurons

58
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

CNS

produce and maintain insulating MYELIN sheaths that surround the neurons

59
Q

microglia

A

CNS
specialized IMMUNE CELLS derived from wbcs that act as macrophages, clears unwanted cellular debris caused by cns lesions

60
Q

ependymal cells

A

CNS
form lining of fluid filled ventricles of CNS, cuboidal/columnar cells and are a source of cerebrospinal fluid, circulates CSF with cilia

61
Q

satellite cells

A

PNS
surround neuronal cells in ganglia, provide structural and metabolic SUPPORT for neurons (insulation and efficient metabolic exchange)

62
Q

schwann cells

A

PNS

myelinate a SINGLE portion of a SINGLE axon

63
Q

t/f. an axon with a small diameter conducts an AP faster than one with a large diameter.

A

false. axons with larger diameters have less resistance and can conduct an AP faster

64
Q

CT organization of the PNS

A

endoneurium surrounds each axon, perineurium surrounds bundles of neurons (fascicles), epineurium surrounds all the fascicles

65
Q

dura mater

A

dense CT continuous with perosteum, simple squamous epithelium along internal surface

66
Q

arachnoid

A

trabeculae attach to pia mater and create subarachnoid space with HA cushioning, Ct with no blood

67
Q

pia mater

A

loose/dense CT with many blood vessels, neuroglial processes separate pia mater from neural components

68
Q

central gray matter

A

unmyelinated, nerve cell bodies

69
Q

peripheral white matter

A

myelinated axons and associated neuroglial cells

70
Q

type of cell in cerebral cortex

A

purkinje cells

71
Q

cells in cerebral medulla

A

white matter and glial cells

72
Q

number of pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

73
Q

divisions of PNS

A

somatic and autonomic

DMD 5248 (7 decks)

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