nervous coordination and receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the structure of a myelinated motor neurone

A

dendrtie sparky thing
cell body the circle
axon
myelin sheath duck fat
node of ranvier between the duck fats
axon terminal opp sparky thing

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2
Q

describe resting potential

A

Inside of axon has a negative charge relative to outside (as more positive ions outside compared to inside)

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3
Q

Explain how a resting potential is established across the axon membrane in
a neurone

A

na k pump AT
3 na out 2 k into axon
Creating an electrochemical gradient:
○ Higher K + conc. inside AND higher Na + conc. outside
Differential membrane permeability:
○ More permeable to K+ → move out by facilitated diffusion
○ Less permeable to Na+ (closed channels)

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4
Q

stimulus

A

na channels open
memeb permeability to na increases
na diffuse into axon down electrochemical gradient

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5
Q

depol

A

threshold reached AP gen
as voltage gated channels open more na diffuse in rapdily

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6
Q

repol

A

voltage gated na channels close
voltage gated k channels open k diffuse out axon

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7
Q

hyperpol

A

k channels slow to cloe
slight over shoot too many k diffuse out

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8
Q

resting potential

A

restored by na k pump

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9
Q

all or nothing pricniple

A

● For an action potential to be produced, depolarisation must exceed threshold potential
● Action potentials produced are always same magnitude / size / peak at same potential
○ Bigger stimuli instead increase frequency of action potentials

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10
Q

non myelinated axon

A

● Action potential passes as a wave of
depolarisation
● Influx of Na+
in one region increases
permeability of adjoining region to Na+ by
causing voltage-gated Na+ channels to open
so adjoining region depolarises

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11
Q

myelinated axon

A

● Myelination provides electrical insulation
● Depolarisation of axon at nodes of Ranvier only
● Resulting in saltatory conduction (local
currents circuits)
● So there is no need for depolarisation along
whole length of axon

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12
Q

describe how damage to myelin sheat can cause slow and jerky movement

A

● Less / no saltatory conduction; depolarisation occurs along whole length of axon
○ So nerve impulses take longer to reach neuromuscular junction; delay in muscle contraction
● Ions / depolarisation may pass / leak to other neurones
○ Causing wrong muscle fibres to contract

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13
Q

refactory period

A

● Time taken to restore axon to resting potential when no further action potential can be generated
● As Na
+ channels are closed / inactive / will not open

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14
Q

importnce of refractory period

A

● Ensures discrete impulses are produced (action potentials don’t overlap)
● Limits frequency of impulse transmission at a certain intensity (prevents over reaction to stimulus)
○ Higher intensity stimulus causes higher frequency of action potentials
○ But only up to certain intensity
● Also ensures action potentials travel in one direction – can’t be propagated in a refractory region

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15
Q

factors affecting speed of conductance

A

Myelination
● Depolarisation at Nodes of Ranvier only → saltatory conduction
● Impulse doesn’t travel / depolarise whole length of axon
Axon diameter
● Bigger diameter means less resistance to flow of ions in cytoplasm
Temperature
● Increases rate of diffusion of Na
+ and K+ as more kinetic energy
● But proteins / enzymes could denature at a certain temperature

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16
Q

What are cholinergic synapses?

A

Synapses that use the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)

17
Q

Describe transmission across a cholinergic synapse
pre synaptic neurone

A

depol at pre synaptic neurone causes voltage gated causes ca channels to open
ca diffuse into pre synap knob
causing vesciles contining ach to fuse with pre synaptic memebrane
○ Releasing ACh into the synaptic cleft (by exocytosis)

18
Q

Describe transmission across a cholinergic synapse
post synaptic neurone

A

ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft to bind to specific receptors on post-synaptic membrane
causing na channels to open
na diffuses into post synaptic memebrane causing depol
threshold met AP gen

19
Q

what happens to ach after synaptic transmission

A

● It is hydrolysed by acetylcholinesterase
● Products are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neurone
● To stop overstimulation - if not removed it would keep binding to receptors, causing depolarisation

20
Q

Explain how synapses result in unidirectional nerve impulses

A

● Neurotransmitter only made in / released from pre-synaptic neurone
● Receptors only on post-synaptic membrane

21
Q

Explain summation by synapses

A

● Addition of a number of impulses converging on a single post-synaptic neurone
● Causing rapid buildup of neurotransmitter (NT)
● So threshold more likely to be reached to generate an action potential

22
Q

spatial summation

A

● Many pre-synaptic neurones share
one synaptic cleft / post-synaptic
neurone
● Collectively release sufficient
neurotransmitter to reach threshold
to trigger an action potential

23
Q

temporal summation

A

● One pre-synaptic neurone releases
neurotransmitter many times over
a short time
● Sufficient neurotransmitter to reach
threshold to trigger an action
potential

24
Q

inhibiton by inhibitory synapses

A

● Inhibitory neurotransmitters hyperpolarise postsynaptic membrane as:
○ Cl channels open → Cl diffuse in
○ K+ channels open → K+ diffuse out
● This means inside of axon has a more negative charge relative to outside / below resting potential
● So more Na+
required to enter for depolarisation
● Reduces likelihood of threshold being met / action potential formation at post-synaptic membranes

25
Q

nmj strucure

A

very similar to synapse except
Receptors are on muscle fibre sarcolemma instead of postsynaptic membrane and there are more
● Muscle fibre forms clefts to store enzyme eg. acetylcholinesterase to break down neurotransmitter

26
Q

Cholinergic synapse

A

neurone to neurone
nt excibatory or inhibitory
Action potential may be initiated in postsynaptic neurone

27
Q

NMJ

A

(Motor) neurone to muscle
Always excitatory
Action potential propagates along sarcolemma down T tubules