Nervous and Neuromuscular Systems Flashcards
CNS Components (brain)
- Prosencephalon (forebrain)
- Mesencephalon (midbrain)
- Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
CNS Components (prosencephalon)
- Telencephalon
- Diencephalon
CNS Components (mesencephalon)
- Tectum
- Tegmentum
CNS Components (rhombencephalon)
- Metencephalon
- Myelencephalon
CNS Components (brainstem)
- Midbrain
- Pons
- Medulla Oblongata
CNS Components (Telencephalon)
- Cerebrum
- Hippocampus
- Basal Ganglia
- Amygdala
CNS Components (Diencephalon)
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Subthalamus
- Epithalamus
CNS Components (Tectum)
- Superior colliculi
- Inferior colliculi
CNS Components (Tegmentum)
- Cerebral aqueduct
- Periaqueductal gray
- Reticular formation
- Substantia nigra
- Red nucleus
CNS Components (Metencephalon)
- Cerebellum
- Pons
CNS Components (Myelencephalon)
- Medulla oblongata
Limbic System Components (10)
- Corpus callosum
- Olfactory tract
- Mammillary bodies
- Fornix
- Thalamic nuclei
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
- Parahippocampal gyrus
- Cingulate gyrus
- Hypothalamic nuclei
Basal Ganglia Components
- Caudate
- Putamen
- Globus Pallidus
- Substantia nigra
- Subthalamic nuclei
ACA Blood Supply to the Brain
- Anterior Frontal lobe
- Medial surface of the Frontal and Parietal lobes
MCA Blood Supply to the Brain
- Most of outer Cerebrum
- Basal ganglia
- Posterior and anterior Internal capsule
- Putamen
- Pallidum
- Lentiform nucleus
PCA Blood Supply to the Brain
- Portion of midbrain
- Subthalamic nucleus
- Basal nucleus
- Thalamus
- Inferior Temoral lobe
- Occipital and Occipitoparietal cortices
Vertebral-Basilar Blood Supply to the Brain
- Cerebellum
- Medulla
- Pons
- Midbrain and thalamus
- Occipital cortex
S&S of Meningitis
- Fever, headache, & vomiting
- Complaints of stiff and painful neck, nuchal rigidity
- Pain in the lumbar area and posterior thigh
- Brudzinski’s sign (flexion of the neck facilitates flexion of the hips and knees)
- Kernig’s sign (pain with hip flexion combined with knee extension)
- Sensitivity to light
S&S of Hydrocephalus
- Enlarged head or bluging fontanelles in infants
- Headache
- Changes in vision
- Large veins noted on scalp
- Behavioral changes
- Seizures
- Alternation in appetite, vomiting
- “Sun setting” sign or downward deviation of the eyes
- Incontinence
Alpha Nerve Fibers
Alpha motor neurons, muscle spindle primary endings, Glogi tendon organs, touch
Beta Nerve Fibers
Touch, kinesthesia, muscle spindle secondary endings
Gamma Nerve Fibers
Touch, pressure, gamma motor neurons
Delta Nerve Fibers
Pain, touch, pressure, temperature
Spinal level for Abdominal reflex
T8-L1
Spinal level for Corneal “blink” reflex
trigeminal and facial n.
Spinal level for Cremasteric reflex
L1/L2
Spinal level for Gag reflex
glossopharyngeal and vagus n.
Spinal level for Plantar reflex
L5/S1
Peripheral Nervous System Pathology Profile for Anterior Horn Cell
Sensory component intact
Motor weakness and atrophy
Fasciculations
Decreased DTRs
Peripheral Nervous System Pathology Profile for Muscle
Sensory component intact
Motor weakness; fasciculations are rare
Normal or decreased DTRs
Peripheral Nervous System Pathology Profile for Neuromuscular Junction
Sensory component intact
Motor fatigue is greater than actual weakness
Normal DTRs
Peripheral Nervous System Pathology Profile for Peripheral Nerve
Sensory loss along the nerve route
Motor weakness and atrophy in a peripheral distribution; may have fasciculations
Peripheral Nervous System Pathology Profile for Peripheral Polyneuropathy
Sensory impairments; “stocking glove” distribution
Motor weakness and atrophy; weaker distally than proximally; may have fasciculaitons
Decreased DTRs
Peripheral Nervous System Pathology Profile for Spinal Roots and Nerves
Sensory component will have corresponding dermatomal deficits
Motor weakness in an innervated pattern; may have fasciculations
Decreased DTRs
Characteristics of Peripheral Vertigo
Episodic and short duration
Autonomic symptoms present
Precipitating factor
Pallor, sweating
Nausea and vomiting
Auditory fullness (within ears)
Tinnitus
Characteristics of Central Vertigo
Autonomic symptoms less severe
Loss of consciousness can occur
Neurological symptoms present including:
- diplopia
- hemianopsia
- weakness
- numbness
- ataxia
- dysarthria
Characteristics of Central Nystagmus
Either bidirectional or unidirectional
No inhibition with fixation
Mild vertigo
Symptoms may be chronic
Etiology: demyelination of nerves, vascular lesion, cancer/tumor
Characteristics of Peripheral Nystagmus
Unidirectional with the fast segment of movement indicating the opposite direction of lesion
Visual fixation with inhibit nystagmus and vertigo
Significant vertigo
Symptoms can last minutes, days, weeks, but finite period of time; recurrent
Etiology: Meniere’s disease, vascular disorders, trauma, toxicity, infection of inner ear
