Definitions - Neuro

Question 1

Apraxia

Answer 1

inability to perform purposive actions, as a result of brain damage

Question 2

Somatosensory

Answer 2

relating to or denoting a sensation (such as pressure, pain, or warmth) that can occur anywhere in the body, in contrast to one localized at a sense organ (such as sight, balance, or taste).

Question 3

Barognosis

Answer 3

perceive the weight of different objects in the hand

Question 4

Graphesthesia

Answer 4

identify a number or letter drawn on the skin without visual input

Question 5

Kinesthesia

Answer 5

identify direction and extent of movement of a joint or body part

Question 6

Proprioception

Answer 6

identify a static position of an extremity of body part

Question 7

Stereognosis

Answer 7

identify an object without sight

Question 8

Neuroma

Answer 8

abnormal growth of nerve cells

associated conditions include vasculitis, AIDS, and amyloidosis

Question 9

Wallerian degeneration

Answer 9

degeneration that occurs distally, specifically to the myelin sheath and axon

Question 10

Neurapraxia

Answer 10

mildest form of injury

conduction block usually due to myelin dysfunction

axonal continuity preserved

pressure injuries are the most common

Question 11

Axonotmesis

Answer 11

reversible injury to damaged fibers

the nerve can regenerate distal to the site of lesion (1mm/day)

traction, compression, and crush injuries are the most common

Question 12

Neurotmesis

Answer 12

the most severe grade of injury to a peripheral nerve

irreversible injury; no possibility of regeneration

axon, myelin, connective tissue components are all damaged/transected

Question 13

Allodynia

Answer 13

the sensation of pain in response to a stimulus that would not typically produce pain

Question 14

Analgesia

Answer 14

the absence of pain while remaining conscious

Question 15

Anesthesia

Answer 15

the absence of touch sensation

Question 16

Causalgia

Answer 16

constant, relentless, burning hyperesthesia and hyperalgesia that develops after a peripheral nerve injury

Question 17

Dysesthesia

Answer 17

distortion of any of the senses, especially the sense of touch

Question 18

Hyperesthesia

Answer 18

heightened sensation

Question 19

Hyperpathia

Answer 19

an extreme exaggerated response to pain

Question 20

Hypesthesia

Answer 20

a dimished sensation to touch

Question 21

Neuralgia

Answer 21

severe and multiple shock-like pains that radiate from a specific nerve distribution

Question 22

Pallanesthesia

Answer 22

loss of vibration sense

Question 23

Paresthesia

Answer 23

abnormal sensation such as tingling, pins and needles, or burning sensations

Question 24

Akinesia

Answer 24

the inability to initiates movement; commonly seen in patient’s with Parkinson’s disease

Question 25

Asthenia

Answer 25

generalized weakness, typically secondary to cerebellar pathology

Question 26

Ataxia

Answer 26

the inability to perform coordinated movements

Question 27

Athetosis

Answer 27

a condition that presents with involuntary movements combined with instability of posture.

peripheral movements occur without central stability.

Question 28

Bradykinesia

Answer 28

movement that is very slow

Question 29

Chorea

Answer 29

movements that are sudden, random, and involuntary

Question 30

Clasp-knife Response

Answer 30

a form of resistance seen during range of motion of a hypertonic joint where there is greatest resistance at the initiation of range that lessons with movement through the range of motion

Question 31

Clonus

Answer 31

a characteristic of an UMN lesion

involuntary alternating spasmodic contraction of a muscle precipitated by a quick stretch reflex

Question 32

Cogwheel rigidity

Answer 32

a form of rigidity where resistance to movement has a phasic quality to it

often seen with Parkinson’s disease

Question 33

Dysdiadochokinesia

Answer 33

the inability to perform rapidly alternating movements

Question 34

Dysmetria

Answer 34

the inability to control the range of movement and the force of muscular activity

Question 35

Dystonia

Answer 35

closely related to athetosis, however, there is larger axial muscle involvement rather than appendicular muscles

Question 36

Fasciculation

Answer 36

a muscular twitch that is caused by random discharge of a LMN and its muscle fibers

suggests LMN disease, however, can be benign

Question 37

Hemiballism

Answer 37

an involuntary and violent movement of a large body part

Question 38

Kinesthesia

Answer 38

the ability to perceive the direction and extent of movement of a joint or body part

Question 39

Lead pipe rigidity

Answer 39

a form of rigidity where there is uniform and constant esistance to range of motion

often associated with lesions of the basal ganglia

Question 40

Rigidity

Answer 40

a state of severe hypertonicity where a sustained muscle contractiondoes not allow for any movement at a specified joint

Question 41

Tremor

Answer 41

involuntary, rhythmic, oscillatory movements secondary to a basal ganglia lesion

Question 42

Ideomotor Apraxia

Answer 42

inabilityo to perform purposeful movements when there is no loss of sensation, strength, coordination, or comprehension