nervous and intro to genetics

Question 1

Making connections to the world from the body (reacting to stimuli) this is called

Answer 1

irritability

Question 2

Organizing and storing information is

Answer 2

conductivity

Question 3

Produce movements

Answer 3

effectors

Question 4

CNS make up

Answer 4

brain, spinal cord, neurons cluster in nuclei, axons are bundles in tracts/fasciculi

Question 5

PNS

Answer 5

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, carries messages to and from the CNS
neurons cluster in ganglia, axons are bundles as nerves

Question 6

Glial cells are ____ cells

Answer 6

support cells

Question 7

Grey matter is composed of

Answer 7

cell bodies and dendrites

Question 8

white matter is composed of

Answer 8

axons

Question 9

Soma =
Dendrites=
axon=

Answer 9

Soma= cell bosy, responsible for reception and integration of information
neurons= processes that recieve information
axon= conducts information away from the cell via and action potential or nerve impulse

Question 10

Multipolar:
bipolar:
pseudounipolar:

Answer 10

multipolar: many dendrites, one axon (motor)
bipolar: one dendrite, one axon (special senses)
pseudounipolar: one nerve process (sensory ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves)

Question 11

PNS neurons cluster within ____

Answer 11

ganglia.

Question 12

An area where gray matter forms a layered surface that covers some part of the CNS is referred to as a _____

Answer 12

cortex

Question 13

The ridges/ folds are called ____
The grooves between gyri are called _____

Answer 13

Ridges: gyri
grooves: sulcus

Question 14

Where do our motor/efferent neurons exist?

Answer 14

the ventral/anterior horn

Question 15

Simply put, what is a peripheral nerve?

Answer 15

simply a bundle of axons that are traveling together

Question 16

Endoneurium:
perineurium:
epineurium:

Answer 16

Endoneurium: connective tissue that surrounds and holds together axons into bundles (called fasicles)
perinerium: Layer that surrounds each fasicle
epineurium: all fasciles are bound together and surrounded by

Question 17

T/F Axons converge and diverge in the fascicles of a nerve

Answer 17

T. fasicles are not completely independent

Question 18

Simply put, what are cranial nerves

Answer 18

cranial nerves are nerves that emerge from the brainstem
there are 12 cranial nerves

Question 19

The ventral root is (efferent or afferent) only
the dorsal root is (efferent or afferent) only

Answer 19

ventral = efferent
dorsal = afferent
BUT both dorsal and ventral rami typically contain both afferent and efferent axons

Question 20

Afferent means

Answer 20

neurons that carry information FROM sensory receptors found all over the body towards the CNS

Question 21

Efferent means

Answer 21

neurons carry motor information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body in order to initiate an action

Question 22

T/F a peripheral nerve cannot be made up of motor and sensory axons from more than one spinal nerve.

Answer 22

FALSE. fascicles split apart and join together as the nerves course through the body, this also ensures that a peripheral nerve is made up of motor and sensory axons from more than one spinal nerve.

Question 23

All of our blood to our brain will be derived from two specific arteries

Answer 23

1. the internal carotid = anterior circulation
2. Vertebral artery = posterior circulation

Question 24

Lateral aspect of the cerebrum is supplied by the

Answer 24

middle cerebral artery

Question 25

The medial aspect is supplied by the

Answer 25

both anterior cerebral artery and posterior artery

Question 26

Posterior intercostal aa that branch from the aorta and then divide into segmental spinal arteries. These then give off_______ aa that supply the _________ and the roots that form it.

Answer 26

these give off RADICULAR AA that supply the spinal nerve and the roots that form the spinal nerve. The radicular arteries will also contribute to the anterior spinal a.

Question 27

An aneursym

Answer 27

weakening of the artery wall

Question 28

occluded vessels

Answer 28

development of a plaque within the lumen of a vessel

Question 29

aterioneous malformations

Answer 29

developmental abnormalities where there is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins

Question 30

Allosomal vs autosomal

Answer 30

Autosomal = on a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Allosomal= on a sex chromosome

Question 31

What is the simplest form of genetic polymorphism?

Answer 31

Single nucleotide polymorphism= single base (point) mutation

Question 32

T/F a SNP in a coding region can be synonymous

Answer 32

yes. it does not change the amino acid that is produced

Question 33

A SNP in a coding region can be non-synonymous. What is the result of this

Answer 33

1. results in missense or nonsense mutations
   missense= incorrect amino acid, produces malfunctioning protein
   nonsense= incorrect sequence causes shortening of protein IT STOPS

Question 34

pleiotropy

Answer 34

multiple traits are effected by one gene.

Question 35

polygenic inheritance

Answer 35

multiple genes affect one trait

Question 36

What is X inactivation

Answer 36

one copy of X chromosome in each cell is silenced. this leads to mosaic phenotypes in heterozygotes

Question 37

epistasis

Answer 37

interaction between genes
alleles at one locus are blocked by the presence of a specific allele at another locus

Question 38

Linkage
Recombination (meiosis) allows swapping of ______ to increase variation
-genes close to each other on the same chromosome are ________ to be inherited together

Answer 38

swapping of genes
are much more likely to be inherited together

Question 39

What is linkage disequilibrium

Answer 39

nonrandom association of alleles of different loci
basically measures the degree to which alleles at two loci are associated

Question 40

penetrance

Answer 40

is the liklihood that you will develop the disease given that you have the risk allele

Question 41

Expressivity

Answer 41

refers to the severity of the disease if the risk allele is present
example: having a cleft lip