nervous and intro to genetics Flashcards
Making connections to the world from the body (reacting to stimuli) this is called
irritability
Organizing and storing information is
conductivity
Produce movements
effectors
CNS make up
brain, spinal cord, neurons cluster in nuclei, axons are bundles in tracts/fasciculi
PNS
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, carries messages to and from the CNS
neurons cluster in ganglia, axons are bundles as nerves
Glial cells are ____ cells
support cells
Grey matter is composed of
cell bodies and dendrites
white matter is composed of
axons
Soma =
Dendrites=
axon=
Soma= cell bosy, responsible for reception and integration of information
neurons= processes that recieve information
axon= conducts information away from the cell via and action potential or nerve impulse
Multipolar:
bipolar:
pseudounipolar:
multipolar: many dendrites, one axon (motor)
bipolar: one dendrite, one axon (special senses)
pseudounipolar: one nerve process (sensory ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves)
PNS neurons cluster within ____
ganglia.
An area where gray matter forms a layered surface that covers some part of the CNS is referred to as a _____
cortex
The ridges/ folds are called ____
The grooves between gyri are called _____
Ridges: gyri
grooves: sulcus
Where do our motor/efferent neurons exist?
the ventral/anterior horn
Simply put, what is a peripheral nerve?
simply a bundle of axons that are traveling together
Endoneurium:
perineurium:
epineurium:
Endoneurium: connective tissue that surrounds and holds together axons into bundles (called fasicles)
perinerium: Layer that surrounds each fasicle
epineurium: all fasciles are bound together and surrounded by
T/F Axons converge and diverge in the fascicles of a nerve
T. fasicles are not completely independent
Simply put, what are cranial nerves
cranial nerves are nerves that emerge from the brainstem
there are 12 cranial nerves
The ventral root is (efferent or afferent) only
the dorsal root is (efferent or afferent) only
ventral = efferent
dorsal = afferent
BUT both dorsal and ventral rami typically contain both afferent and efferent axons
Afferent means
neurons that carry information FROM sensory receptors found all over the body towards the CNS
Efferent means
neurons carry motor information away from the CNS to the muscles and glands of the body in order to initiate an action
T/F a peripheral nerve cannot be made up of motor and sensory axons from more than one spinal nerve.
FALSE. fascicles split apart and join together as the nerves course through the body, this also ensures that a peripheral nerve is made up of motor and sensory axons from more than one spinal nerve.
All of our blood to our brain will be derived from two specific arteries
- the internal carotid = anterior circulation
- Vertebral artery = posterior circulation
Lateral aspect of the cerebrum is supplied by the
middle cerebral artery
The medial aspect is supplied by the
both anterior cerebral artery and posterior artery
Posterior intercostal aa that branch from the aorta and then divide into segmental spinal arteries. These then give off_______ aa that supply the _________ and the roots that form it.
these give off RADICULAR AA that supply the spinal nerve and the roots that form the spinal nerve. The radicular arteries will also contribute to the anterior spinal a.
An aneursym
weakening of the artery wall
occluded vessels
development of a plaque within the lumen of a vessel
aterioneous malformations
developmental abnormalities where there is an abnormal connection between arteries and veins
Allosomal vs autosomal
Autosomal = on a chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
Allosomal= on a sex chromosome
What is the simplest form of genetic polymorphism?
Single nucleotide polymorphism= single base (point) mutation
T/F a SNP in a coding region can be synonymous
yes. it does not change the amino acid that is produced
A SNP in a coding region can be non-synonymous. What is the result of this
- results in missense or nonsense mutations
missense= incorrect amino acid, produces malfunctioning protein
nonsense= incorrect sequence causes shortening of protein IT STOPS
pleiotropy
multiple traits are effected by one gene.
polygenic inheritance
multiple genes affect one trait
What is X inactivation
one copy of X chromosome in each cell is silenced. this leads to mosaic phenotypes in heterozygotes
epistasis
interaction between genes
alleles at one locus are blocked by the presence of a specific allele at another locus
Linkage
Recombination (meiosis) allows swapping of ______ to increase variation
-genes close to each other on the same chromosome are ________ to be inherited together
swapping of genes
are much more likely to be inherited together
What is linkage disequilibrium
nonrandom association of alleles of different loci
basically measures the degree to which alleles at two loci are associated
penetrance
is the liklihood that you will develop the disease given that you have the risk allele
Expressivity
refers to the severity of the disease if the risk allele is present
example: having a cleft lip
