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Foundations Exam > gene transcription and micro > Flashcards

gene transcription and micro Flashcards

1
Q

Heterochromatin=
euchromatin =

A

heterochromatin= dense, inactive
euchromatin= disperse, active

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2
Q

most proteins in chromatin are

A

histones

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3
Q

RNA differs from DNA in that it has

A

ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine

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4
Q

What is the product of gene transcription?

A

mRNA
-carries the code for protein synthesis

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5
Q

can mRNA leave the nucleus?

A

Yes, to take DNA code to the ribosomes

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6
Q

Where are rRNA found

A

found on ribsomes

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7
Q

what carries amino acids that are used for protein sysnthesis in the ribosome?

A

tRNA

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8
Q

What are snRNA

A

-involved in transcriptional regulation and mRNA processing
-part of spliceosome machine
-first made of ribonucleotides, then folds into 3D structure

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9
Q

what is the exception to the central doga

A

some viruses
Central dogma: flow of information from DNA to RN

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10
Q

What is the genetic code

A

the dictionary that gives the correspondence between a sequence of nucleotide bases and a sequence of amino acids

3 nucleotides bases = codon
61 of 64 codons code for the 20 AA
3 stop codons

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11
Q

stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

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12
Q

start codon

A

AUG, methionine

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13
Q

In protein synthesis, in transcription, what is the first step

A

chromatin remodeling

breaking bonds of DNA

Allows for template strand to be exposed for RNA transcriptin

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14
Q

RNA polymerase II needs other proteins called transcription factors to be able to bind to the DNA. What is its name and what steps come after

A

TFIID
1. First bind TFIID to the TATA box

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15
Q

What is the promoter region

A

the promoter region is the region where basal transcriptional machinery attaches

The TATA box is on the promoter region and TFIID binds here first

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16
Q

What do enhancers do

A

increase transcription levels
responds to cell needs and stage of embryological development

17
Q

activators attach to the _______ region to activate transcription of the region

A

enhancer

18
Q

silencers

A

decrease transcriptional levels.

19
Q

_______ attach to silencer region to inhibit transcription of the region

A

repressors

20
Q

T/F Pol II can bind directly to DNA

A

False. TFIID needs to bind to TATA, only then Pol II can bind

21
Q

Methods of post-transcriptional modification of (pre-)mRNA

A
  1. modify strand of pre mRNA after transcription (introns out, exons in)
  2. 7-mG methyl guanosine tail (protects mature mRNA from nuclease attck)
  3. Poly-A tail (keeps mRNA stable)
22
Q

Why are introns important

A

important signaling sequences

23
Q

Where does translation take place

A

at ribosomes
40 S small and 60S large which combine to form 80S ribsome.

24
Q

each tRNA has an __________ loop complimentary to the codon on the mRNA

A

anti-codon

  1. the AA has to be activated with ATP via aminoacyl-trna synthetase so it can attach to correspondinf tRNA to become charged
25
Q

name two distinct features on the structure of tRNA

A

anticodon, and AA binding site

26
Q

What is the point of glycosylation?

A

-form of post translational modification
-assists in protein folding to reach its correct shape.
-enhances protein solubility
-stabilizes the protein against denturation
-protect the protein from proteolytic degradation
-target the protein to specifc subcellular locations

27
Q

Micro nomenclature

A

Two names: genus and species
genus capitlized species not
both names are underlines or italicized

nomenclature exception: viruses

28
Q

Three domains

A

Bacteria, Archea, Eukaryota

Archae: constitute a domain of single-celled organisms, lack nuclei, and are therefore prokaryotes

bacteria: unicellular, genetic material not enclosed in a nuclear membrane. Can be rod shapes, spherical, corkscrew, star shapes

Eukaryotes (fungi, algae, protozoa, multicellular parasites, animals): distint nucleus, nuclear membrane, unicellular or multicellular

29
Q

What organelles are absent in prokaryotes

A

mitochondria, golgi, ER,

30
Q

a bacteria lacking a cell wall is called

A

mycoplasma

31
Q

Viruses are dependent on a ____ cell and (are/are not) living things

A

host cell; not living

32
Q

What is anatomic position

A

stands upright, feet flat, palms facing anteriorly

33
Q

planes of reference
coronal
tranverse
midsagittal

A

coronal: sliding a glass from shoulder to shoulder, divides body into anterior and posterior
transverse: cutting front to back of stomach, tween legs

34
Q

co

A

Foundations Exam (5 decks)

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