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Bio 30 > Nervous and Endocrine System > Flashcards

Nervous and Endocrine System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Glial Cell

A

Provide neurons with structural support and nutrition. (non conducting cells)

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2
Q

Dendrite

A

Recieve information from receptors or other neurons

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3
Q

Axon

A

Longest cytoplasmic extension from cell body.

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4
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Acts as insulation/ protection and speeds up nerve impulses (it is grey matter that is not myelinated)

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5
Q

Schwann cells

A

Wrapped around axons and produce myelin sheath

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6
Q

Nodes of Ranvier and Saltatory conduction

A

Nodes- Areas between sections of myelin. Impulse thought tp jump from one node to another
Saltatory- speeds up the arrival of the impulse at the nerve terminal

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7
Q

Resting potential

A

The regular state. There are more Na+ than K+ inside and more postive ions outside the cell.

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8
Q

Depolarization

A

Na+ channels open and Na+ flow into thr negative axon

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9
Q

Repolarization

A

Na+ channels open and K+ channels open, more K+ leaves the cell than comes in. The cell loses charged ions

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10
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Makes the cell more negative.The K+ channels stay open and release more K+. As the K+ channels close the Na-K pump works to reestablish the resting state.

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11
Q

Threshold Level

A

The critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate an action potential.

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12
Q

All or None response

A

Responds to a stimulus that exceeds the threshold potential or not at all.

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13
Q

Synapse

A

When a neuron communicates with a target cell.

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14
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that transmit a message from a nerve cell to a target cell.

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15
Q

Cholinesterase

A

An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

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16
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Compliments the actions of epinephrine ehich readies the body to respond to danger or stressful situations.

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17
Q

Acetylecholine

A

Exitatory neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system

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18
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Receptor (affector) -> Sensory Neuron (afferent) -> Interneuron (spinal cord) -> Motor Neuron (efferent) -> Effector (muscle)

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19
Q

Meninges

A

Membranes that protect the brain

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20
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

It cushions the brain and spinal cord from injury. Also serves as a delivery and waste system for the brain.

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21
Q

Cerebrum

A

Makes you YOU, control senses, memory, intelligence, language

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22
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

A thin outer layer of grey matter that makes humans so smart

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23
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Motor areas control movement of voluntary muscles like walking or speech. Linked to intelligence, personality etc

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24
Q

Pariental Lobe

A

Sensory areas associated with touch and temperature awarness and body position. Linked to emotions and interpreting speech

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25
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Sensory areas associated with hearing

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26
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Sensory areas associated with vision

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27
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Links right and left hemispheres

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28
Q

Thalamus

A

Mostly grey matter that translates neural impulses from various receptors to the cerebral cortex

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29
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Maintains the body’s internal equilibrium

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30
Q

Cerebellum

A

The region of the brain that coordinates muscle movement and balance

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31
Q

Pons

A

The region of the brain that acts as a relay station by sending nerve messages between the cerebellum and the hindbrain

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32
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

The hindbrain region that joins the spinal cord to the cerebellum. The site of autonomic nerve control- heart rate, blood pressure, breathing etc

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33
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

A

Located in the forebrain that recieves neural input about smell

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34
Q

Central Nervous System

A

CNS controls most functions of the body and mind. Has two parts; the brain and spinal cord. It gathers info from all over the body and coordinates activity

35
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Consists of nervous and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. It connects the CNS to the limbs and organs

36
Q

Somatic Nerves & Sensory vs Motor

A

Part of the Peripheral NS and is responsible for all the functions we are aware of.
Sensory- transmits sensory info from skin, skeletal muscle to CNS. Motor transmits messages from the CNS to the muscles.

37
Q

Autonomic Nerves

A

Acts unconsiously and regulates bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, urination

38
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Directs the body’s rapid involuntary response to dangerous or stressful situations (fight or flight). A flash flood of hormones boosts the body’s alertness and heart rate, sending extra blood to muscles

39
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Responsible for the body’s rest and digestion response when the body is relaxed, resting or feeding. It decreases respiration, heart rate and increases digestion

40
Q

Rods

A

Vision at low light levels

41
Q

Cones

A

Higher light level, color vision

42
Q

Myopia

A

Distant objects focused in front of retina making them appear out of focus

43
Q

Hyperopia

A

Object focused behind the retina making objects up close out of focus

44
Q

Sclera

A

External layer/ protects eyeball

45
Q

Cornea

A

Bends light rays into the eye

46
Q

Choroid

A

Intermediate layer/ absorb scattered light

47
Q

Iris

A

Regulates the amount of light that enters they eye

48
Q

Pupil

A

The opening for light to enter the inner eye

49
Q

Ciliary Muscles

A

Changes the shape of the lens in order to focus

50
Q

Retina

A

Internal layer

51
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

Contains a high density of cones and provides acute vision

52
Q

Lens

A

Focuses light rays onto the fovea centralis

53
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Transmits sensory info to the brain

54
Q

Optic Disc

A

Location where ganglion cell axons exit they eye to form the optic nerve

55
Q

Vitreous Body

A

Clear gel that fills the space between the lens and the retina

56
Q

Pinna

A

in the outer ear/collects sound

57
Q

Auditory Canal

A

(ear canal) pathway running from the outer ear to middle ear

58
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

thin layer of connective tissue that separates the outer and middle ear (eardrum)

59
Q

Ossicles

A

3 bones: malleus,incus and staples

who’s job is to amplify the sound waves so they can travel through the thicker fluid filled structures within the inner ear

60
Q

Cochlea

A

fluid filled structure containing the basilar membrane & organ of corti - the site of sound waves converting into electrical impulses the brain can understand

61
Q

Organ of Corti

A

site above the basilar membrane and contains hair cells which move and open Na+ ion channels

62
Q

Auditory Nerve

A

connects the inner ear to the brain

63
Q

Semicircular Canal

A

3 fluid filled canals responsible for balance. the movement of fluid stimulates cells that send an action potential to the brain

64
Q

Eustachian Tube

A

extends from middle ear to mouth and nose - equalizes air pressure

65
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

stimulated by pressure -touch or sound

66
Q

photoreceptors

A

detection of light (photons) we perceive as vision

67
Q

chemoreceptors

A

are stimulated by certain chemicals

68
Q

thermoreceptors

A

in the skin -sense hot and cold

69
Q

proprioceptors

A

a sensory receptor that receives stimuli from within the body, especially one that responds to body position and movement

70
Q

Hypothalamus

A

everything starts here

HRH (acts on the pituitary gland)
ADH
Oxytocin

71
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

hGH- acts on the cells, bones/muscles for growth
TSH- acts on thyroid gland
FSH- production of follicles to produce egg/sperm
LH- ovulation in females and production of testosterone in males
PRL-milk production
ACTH- acts on adrenal cortex

72
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

Oxytocin- causes uterine contractions (child birth) and helps release milk
ADH- retains/ reabsorbs H2O (antipee)

73
Q

Parathyroid

A

PTH- decrease Ca2+ in bones and increases Ca2+ in blood

74
Q

Thyroid

A

Calcitonin- increases Ca2+ in bones and decrease Ca2+ in blood
Thyroxine- increases metabolism

75
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Cortisol- slow stress response (protein convert to glucose in liver)
Aldosterone- increases Na+ retention and therefore H2O retention

76
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Epinephrine/ Norepinephrine- fast stress response (sympathetic nervous system)

77
Q

Pancreas

A

Insulin- decreases blood sugar

Glucagon- increases glucose levels in blood

78
Q

Ovaries

A

Estrogen- secondary sex characteristics, growth of uterine lining
Progesterone- prevents uterine contractions

79
Q

Testes

A

Testosterone- sperm production and secondary sex characteristics

80
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

overactive thyroid gland

symptoms : weight loss, mood swings

81
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

underactive thyroid gland

symptoms: fatigue, increased sensitivity to cold

82
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

in the pancreas
-does not produce enough insulin

symptoms: frequent urination, excessive thirst

83
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Stored in the pituitary gland
-ADH

symptoms: excessive amounts of urine, colorless urine

Bio 30 (5 decks)

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