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Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Nervous system

A
  1. Recieving sensory input
  2. Integrating Information
  3. Controlling muscles and glands
  4. Maintaining homeostasis
  5. Establishing and maintaining mental activity
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2
Q

consists of brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous system

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3
Q

consists of all nervous tissue outside the CNS (ganglia and nerves)

A

Peripheral Nervous System

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4
Q

PNS conducts PA from the sensory receptors of CNS

A

sensory division or afferent division

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5
Q

PNS conducts AP from the CNS to effector organs such as muscles and glands

A

Motor division or efferent division

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6
Q

Neurons that transmits AP from the periphery to the CNS

A

sensory neurons

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7
Q

Neurons that transmits AP from CNS toward the periphery

A

motor neurons

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8
Q

Transmits AP from CNS to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

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9
Q

Transmits AP from CNS to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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10
Q

Unique subdivision of the PNS. Has both sensory and motor neurons contained wholly within the digestive tract

A

Enteric Nervous System or ENS

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11
Q

Recieve stimuli, conducts AP, and transmits signals to other neurons

A

Neurons or nerve cells

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12
Q

Single nucleus. The nucleus is the source of info. for gene expression

A

Cell body

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13
Q

Short, often highly branching cytoplasmic extensions that are tapered from their bases at the neuron cell body to their tips.

A

Dendrites

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14
Q

Single long cell process extending from the neuron cell body

A

Axon

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15
Q

Area where axon leaves the neuron cell body

A

Axon hillock

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16
Q

axon may remain unbranched or may branch to form

A

collateral axons

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17
Q

Many dendrites and a single axon

A

Multipolar neurons

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18
Q

2 process: 1dendrite and 1 axon. Located in some sensory organs

A

Bipolar Neurons

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19
Q

Single process extending from the cell body

A

Pseudo-unipolar neurons

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20
Q

Supportive cells of PNS and CNS. Far more numerous than neurons

A

Glial cells or neuroglia

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21
Q

major supporting cells in CNS. Stimulate the signaling activity of nearby neurons

A

Astrocytes

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22
Q

Astrocytes participate with the blood vessel endothelium to form permiability barrier

A

blood drain barrier

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23
Q

Line the fluid filled cavities within CNS. Produce cerebrospinal fluid

A

Ependymal Cells

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24
Q

Acts as immune cells of CNS, help protect the brain by removing bacteria and cell debris

A

Microglia

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25
Q

Provide insulating material that surround the axons in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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26
Q

Provide an insulating material that surround the axons in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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27
Q

Specialized layers that warp around the axons of some neurons

A

Myelin Sheaths

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28
Q

Axons with myelin sheaths

A

myelinated axons

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29
Q

Gaps in the myelin sheaths

A

nodes of Ranvier

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30
Q

Consists of groups of neuron cells bodies and their dendrites, where there is very little myelin

A

Gray matter

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31
Q

In CNS gray matter in the surface of the brain

A

cortex

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32
Q

clusters of gray matter located deeper in the brain

A

nuclei

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33
Q

In PNS , a cluster of neuron cell bodies

A

Ganglion

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34
Q

Consits of bundles of parallel axons with their myelin sheaths

A

White matter

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35
Q

White matter in CNS form _ , propagate AP from one area of the CNS to another

A

Nerve tracts or conduction pathways

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36
Q

opened by neurotransmitters or other chemicals

A

Chemically gated channels

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37
Q

opened by a change in membrane potential

A

Voltage gated channel

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38
Q

Muscle and nerve cells are _ , the resting membrane potential cjanges in response to a stimuli that activate gated ion channel

A

excitable cells

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39
Q

Na channels open very briefly and Na diffuses quickly into cell mambrane

A

Local current

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40
Q

AP is conducted along the entire axon cell membrane

A

Continuous conduction

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41
Q

AP jump from one node of Ranvier to the next along the length of axon

A

Saltatory Conduction

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42
Q

Junction where the axon of one neuron interacts with another neuron

A

Synapse

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43
Q

Chemical substances

A

neurotransmitters

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44
Q

If K or Cl channels are open , the inside of postsynaptic cell tend to become more negative

A

hyperpolarized

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45
Q

2 or more neurons synapse with the same neuron

A

converging pathway

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46
Q

the axon from one neuron divides and synapses with more than one other neuron

A

diverging pathway

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47
Q

Local potentials originate from different location on the postsynaptic neuron

A

Spatial Summation

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48
Q

Occurs when local potentials overlap in time

A

Temporal Summation

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49
Q

Nerves of PNS divides in 2 groups

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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50
Q

Communicate between the spinal cors and the body

A

Spinal nerves

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51
Q

Inferior end of the spinal cord and spinal nerves exiting there resemble a horses tail and called

A

cauda equina

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52
Q

White matter in each half of spinal cord a organized into 3 columns

A

dorsal, ventral, and lateral columsn

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53
Q

Consists of axons that conduct AP toward the brain

A

Ascending tracts

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54
Q

Consists of axons that conducts AP away from the brain

A

Descending Tracts

55
Q

Fluid filled space in the center of the cord

A

central canal

56
Q

Ventral rootlets combine to form _ on the ventral side of the spinal cord.

A

Ventral Root

57
Q

Dorsal roots combine to form _ on the dorsal side of the cord

A

Dorsal root

58
Q

Dorsal root contains ganglion

A

dorsal root ganglion

59
Q

Simplest reflex, which muscles contract in response to stretching force applied to them

A

stretch reflex

60
Q

Classic example of stretch reflex

A

knee jerk reflex or patellar reflex

61
Q

To remove a limb or another body part from painful stimulus

A

withdrawal reflex or flexor reflex

62
Q

Arise along the spinal cord from the union of dorsal roots and ventral roots

A

Spinal Nerves

63
Q

All the spinal nerves contain axons of both sensory and somatic motor neurons called _

A

mixed nerves

64
Q

Spinal nerves organized into 3 major _ where neurons of several spinal nerves come together and intermingle

A

plexuses
1. Cervical Plexus
2. Brachial Plexus
3. Lumbosacral Plexus

65
Q

Originates from spinal nerves C1 to C4, innervate several of the muscles attached to hyoid bone

A

cervical plexus

66
Q

Most important branches of cervical plexus, innervates the diaphragm

A

phrenic nerve

67
Q

Originates from spinal nerves C5 to T1.

A

Brachial plexus

68
Q

Innervates 2 shoulder muscles and skin over part of the shoulder

A

axillary nerve

69
Q

Innervates all the muscles in the posterior arm and forearm and skin over the posterior surface of the arm, forearm and hand

A

radial nerve

70
Q

innervates the anterior muscles of the arm and the skin over the radial surface of the forearm

A

musculocutaneous nerve

71
Q

innervates 2 anterior forearm muscles and most of the intrinsic hand muscles. Innervates the skin over the ulnar side of the hand

A

Ulnar nerve

72
Q

innervates most of the anterior forearm muscles and some of intrinsic hand muscles. Innervates the skin over radial side of the hand

A

median nerve

73
Q

Originates from spjnal nerves L1 to S4

A

lumbosacral plexus

74
Q

Innervates the muscles of the medial thigh and skin over the same region

A

Obturator nerve

75
Q

Innervates the posterior thigh muscles, the anterior and posterior leg muscles and most intrinsic foor muscles. Innervates sole the skin over the sole of the foot

A

Tibial nerve

76
Q

Innervates anterior thigh muscles and the skin over the anterior thigh and medial side of the leg

A

Femoral nerve

77
Q

Innervates the muscles of the lateral thigh and leg and some intrinsic foot muscle. Innervates the skin over the anterior and lateral leg and the dorsal surface of the foot

A

common fibular nerve

78
Q

Tibial and common fibular nerves are bound together within a connective tissue sheath

A

sciatic nerve

79
Q

connects the spinal cord to the remainder of the brain

80
Q

inferior portion of the brainstem, continuos with the spinal cord. Regulation of heart rate, breathing, swallowing, vomiting etc.

A

medulla oblongata

81
Q

superior to medulla oblongata. relay info between the cerebrum and cerebellum

82
Q

Superior to the pons, smallest regions of the brainstem

83
Q

Dorsal part of the midbrain consists of 4 mounds called _
1. major relay centers for auditory nervepathways in CNS
2. visual reflexes and recieve touch

A

colliculi
1. 2 inferior colliculi
2. 2 superior colliculi

84
Q

Midbrain contains black nuclear mass called _

A

substantia nigra

85
Q

Attached to the brainstem by several large connections called _

A

Cerebellum & cerebellar peduncles

86
Q

Part of the brain between the brainstem and cerebrum

A

diencephalon

87
Q

3 components of diencephalon

A

thalamus, epithalamus , hypothalamus

88
Q

Largest part of diencephalon

89
Q

( thalamus) 2 large lateral parts connected in the center by a small

A

interthalamic adhesion

90
Q

small area superior and posterior to thalamus. Emotional and visceral response to odors and perineal glands.

A

Epithalamus

91
Q

most inferior part of diencephalon. Maintaining homeostasis. Control body temperature, hunger and thirst

A

hypothalamus

92
Q

funnel shaped stalk, extends from the floor of the hypothalamus to pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

93
Q

Form externally visible swellings on the posterior portion of hypothalamus, involved in emotional responses to odors and in memory.

A

mammillary bodies

94
Q

Largest part of the brain. Divided into left and right hemispheres by _

A

Cerebrum and Longitudinal fissure

95
Q

Most conspicuous features on the surface of each hemisphere are numerous folds

96
Q

Greatly increase the surface area of the cortex and intervening grooves

97
Q

Important in control of voluntary motor functions , motivation, aggresion, mood , and olfactory or smell

A

Frontal lobe

98
Q

principal center for recieving and consciously perceiving most sensory info. like touch, pain, temperature and balance

A

parietal lobe

99
Q

Frontal and parietal lobe separated by _

A

central sulcus

100
Q

Functions in receiving and perceiving visual visual input and not distinctly separated from other lobes

A

occipital lobe

101
Q

Olfactory and Auditory sensations and plays an important role in memory

A

Temporal lobe

102
Q

Most of temporal lobe is separated from the rest of the cerebrum by _. Deep with the fissure is _ also referred as _

A

lateral fissure. Insula, fifth lobe

103
Q

surround and protect the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges or membrane

104
Q

Most superficial and thickest of the meninges

A

dura mater

105
Q

Within the vertebral canal is _ , between the dura mater and vertebrae. Important as the injection site for epidural anesthesia of spinal nerves, often given to women during childbirth

A

epidural space

106
Q

second meningeal membrane is very thin, wispy

A

arachnoid mater

107
Q

space between the dura mater and archnoid mater

A

subdural space

108
Q

Health professionals use needle to inject anesthetic into area as _ or take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid in a _

A

spinal block , spinal tap

109
Q

third meningeal membrane, very tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

110
Q

Between the arachnoid mater and pia mater , filled with cerebrospinal fluid and contain blood vessels

A

subarachnoid space

111
Q

CNS contains fluid filled cavities called_, quite small in some areas and larger in others

A

ventricles

112
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere contains large cavity

A

lateral ventricle

113
Q

Smaller, midline cavity located in the center of the diencephalon between the two halves of the thalamus and connected by foramina to the lateral ventricles

A

third ventricle

114
Q

_ located at the base of cerebellum and connected to the third ventricle by a narrow canal called _ .

A

Fourth ventricle , cerebral aqueduct

115
Q

4th ventricle is continuous with _ of the spinal cord

A

central canal

116
Q

Bathes the brain and spinal cord, provides protective cushion to CNS

A

Cerebrospinal fluid CSF

117
Q

CSF produced by _ , specialized structures made of ependymal cells located in the ventricles

A

choroid plexuses

118
Q

massess of arachnoid tissue

A

arachnoid granulations

119
Q

Blockage of opening in the 4th ventricle can cause CSF to accumulate in the ventricles

A

hydrocephalus

120
Q

2 general categories of cranial nerve function

A

sensory and motor

121
Q

Special senses, vision and more general senses like touch and pain in the face

A

sensory functions

122
Q

subdivided into somatic motor and parasympathetic

A

Motor functions

123
Q

Sensory cranial nerves

A

olfactory I, optic II, vestibulocochlear VIII

124
Q

Somatic motor cranial nerves

A

trochlear IV, abducens VI, accessory XI, hypoglossal XII

125
Q

Sensory and somatic motor only cranial nerve

A

trigeminal nerve V

126
Q

Somatic and parasympathetic cranial nerve

A

oculomotor nerve III

127
Q

Sensory, Somatic motor and parasympathetic

A

facial VII, glossopharyngeal IX , vagus X

128
Q

Connected to one another, form a chain along both sides of the spinal cord

A

sympathetic chain ganglia

129
Q

axons of those preganglionic fibers that do not synapse in the sympathetic chain ganglia form _ that extend to collateral ganglia

A

Splanchnic nerves

130
Q

located nearer target organs and consists of the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia

A

collateral ganglia

131
Q

Axons of preganglionic neurons extend through spinal nerves to _

A

terminal ganglia

132
Q

Axons of preganglionic neurons extend through spinal nerves to _

A

terminal ganglia

133
Q

Most thoracic and abdominal organs supplied by pregaanglionic of _ extending from the brainstem

A

vagus nerve

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