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cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the blood

A
  1. Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products.
  2. Transport of processed molecules
  3. Transport of regulatory molecules
  4. Transport of pH and osmosis
  5. Maintenance of body temperature
  6. Protection against foreign substances
  7. Clot formation
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2
Q

What is Plasma?

A

a yellow fluid that consists of 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other components

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3
Q

Albumin

A

58% in the plasma proteins. The osmotic pressure of blood

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4
Q

Globulins

A

38% of plasma proteins. Part of the immune system and some are clotting factors

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5
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Clotting factors that constitutes of 4% plasma proteins

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6
Q

Serum

A

is a plasma without clotting factor

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7
Q

RBC or erythrocytes

A

95% of the volume of the formed elements

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8
Q

WBC or leukocytes

A

5% of the volume of the formed elements. Larger than RBC. Lack of hemoglobin

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9
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process of blood cell production

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10
Q

All formed elements of blood are derived from a single population of cells

A

Stem cells or hemocytoblasts

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11
Q

responsible for the cells red color

A

hemoglobin

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12
Q

Functions of RBC

A
  1. transport of oxygen from the lungs to the various tissues of the body
  2. transport of carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs
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13
Q

Give rise to the RBC line

A

proerythroblasts

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14
Q

Low blood oxygen levels stimulate red blood cell production by increasing the formation and release of the glycoprotein

A

Erythropoietin

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15
Q

Yellow pigment molecule. Normally taken up by thr liver and released into small intestine

A

bilirubin

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16
Q

WBC and platelets make up _. A thin white layer of cells between plasma and RBC

A

buffy coat

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17
Q

WBC can leave the blood and travel by

A

ameboid movemenet

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18
Q

2 functions of WBC

A
  1. protect the body against invading microorganisms and other pathogens
  2. to remove dead cells and debris from the tissues by phagocytosis
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19
Q

Containing large cytoplasmic granules

A

Granulocytes

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20
Q

Very small granules that cannot be seen easily

A

agranulocytes

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21
Q

3 kinds of granulocytes

A
  1. neutrophils - most common type of WBC, have small cytoplasmic granules that stain with both acidic and basic dyes.
  2. basophils - least common of WBC, have large cytoplasmic granules that stain blue. Promote inflammation, prevents the formation of clots.
  3. eosinophils - cytoplasmic granules ghat stain bright red. Involved in inflammatory responses associated with allergies and asthma.
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22
Q

2 of agranulocytes

A
  1. Lymphocytes - smallest of WBC. Body immune response. Production of anti bodies that destroy microoorganisms
  2. Monocytes- largest of WBC.
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23
Q

Phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, cell fragments, and any other debris within the tissues

A

Macrophages

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24
Q

Minute fragmemts of cells

A

Platelets

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25
Q

Large cells

A

megakaryocytes

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26
Q

immediate but temporary constriction of blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of vessel contracts

A

Vascular spasm

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27
Q

Accumulation of platelets that can seal up a small break in a blood vessel

A

Platelet plug

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28
Q

Platelets stick to the collagen exposed by blood vessel damage

A

platelet adhesion

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29
Q

Protein produced and secreted by blood vessel endothelial cells

A

Von Willebrand factor

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30
Q

As platelets become activated, they express surface receptor

A

Fibrinogen receptors

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31
Q

Fibrinogen forms bridges between the fibrinogen receptors of numerous platelets, resulting in a platelet plug

A

Platelet aggregation

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32
Q

When a blood vessel is severely damaged, results in the formation of a clot

A

Blood clotting or coagulation

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33
Q

network of thread like protein fibers

A

clot

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34
Q

traps blood cells, platelets, and fluid

A

fibrin

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35
Q

Formation of blood clot depends on a number of proteins within plasma

A

Clotting factors

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36
Q

analysis of blood that provides much useful information.

A

CBC

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37
Q

Red Blood Count for male and female

A

Male - 4.6 - 6.2 million RBC per microliter of blood
Female - 4.2 - 5.4 million RBC per microliter of blood

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38
Q

overabundance of RBC

A

erythrocytosis

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39
Q

Hemoglobin measurement for male and female

A

male - 14-18g per 100mL of blood
female - 12-16g per 100 mL of blood

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40
Q

abnormally low hemoglobin measurement. Reduced number of RBC

A

anemia

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41
Q

percentage of the total blood volume that is composed of RBC

A

hematocrit

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42
Q

The blood’s ability to clot can be assessed by the platelet count and the prothrombin time measurement

A

Clotting

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43
Q

Platelet count

A

250,000 - 400,000 platelets per microliter of blood

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44
Q

platelet count is greatly reduced

A

thrombocytopenia

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45
Q

calculates how long it takes for the blood to start clotting

A

Prothrombin time measurement - 9-12 seconds

46
Q

Composition of materials dissolved or suspended in the plasma can be used to assess the functioning of many of the bodys system

A

Blood Chemistry

47
Q

Functions of the heart

A
  1. Generating blood pressure
  2. Routing blood
  3. Ensuring one way blood flow
  4. Regulating blood supply
48
Q

The heart, trachea, esophagus, and associated structures form a midline partition

A

mediastinum

49
Q

Located at the base of the heart

A

Right and Left atria

50
Q

Extend from the base of the heart toward the apex

A

Right and left ventricles

51
Q

Extends around the heart, separating the atria from the ventricles

A

Coronary Sulcus

52
Q

Extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on the anterior surface of the heart

A

Anterior interventricular sulcus

53
Q

Extends inferiorly from the coronary sulcus on the posterior of the heart

A

Posterior Interventicular Sulcus

54
Q

Carry blood from the body to the right atrium

A

Superior and Inferior vena cava

55
Q

Carry blood from the lungs to the left atrium

A

Four Pulmonary veins

56
Q

carry blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary arteries

57
Q

Arising from the right ventricle, carries blood to the rest of the body

58
Q

two atria separated from each other

A

interatrial septum

59
Q

two ventricles separated fron each other

A

interventricular septum

60
Q

located between right and left atria, and left and right ventricles

A

Atrioventricular Valves

61
Q

AV valve between right atrium and left atrium

A

tricuspid valve

62
Q

AV valve between the left atrium and left ventricles

A

bicuspid valve

63
Q

Each ventricle contains cone shaped, muscular pillars

A

papillary muscles

64
Q

Muscles attached by thin, strong, connective strings to the free margins of the cusps of the atrioventricular valves

A

chordae tendineae

65
Q

Plate connective tissue, consists mainly of fibrous rings that surround the atrioventricular and semilunar valves and give them solid support

A

Cardiac skeleton

66
Q

Supply blood to the wall of the heart

A

coronary arteries

67
Q

Originates on the left side of the aorta

A

left coronary artery

68
Q

Lies in the anterior interventricular sulcus

A

anterior interventricular artery

69
Q

extends around the coronary sulcus on the left to the posterior surface of the heart

A

circumflex artery

70
Q

extends inferiorly along the lateral wall of the left ventricle from the circumflex artery

A

left marginal artery

71
Q

Originates on the right side of the aorta. Extends around the coronary sulcus kn the right to the posterior surface of the heart

A

Right Coronary artery

72
Q

lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus

A

posterior interventricular artery

73
Q

Extends inferiorly along the lateral wall of the right ventricle

A

Right Marginal Artery

74
Q

Thick, middle layer of the heart. Composed of cardia muscle cells and responsible fkr contraction of the heart chambers

A

myocardium

75
Q

Smooth inner surface of the heart chambers. Allow blood to move easily through the heart

A

Endocardium

76
Q

Surfaces of the interior walls of the ventricles are modified by ridges and columns of cardiac muscle

A

trabeculae carneae

77
Q

Cardiac Muscle cells are bound end to end and laterally to adjacent cells by specialized cell to cell contracts

A

Intercalated disks

78
Q

Specialized cell membrane structures in the intercalated disks, allow cytoplasm flow freely between cells

A

Gap junctions

79
Q

Contraction of the atria and ventricles is coordinated by specialized cardiac muscle cells in the heart wall

A

conduction system of the heart

80
Q

Hearts peacemaker, located in the superior wall of the right atrium and initiates the contraction of the heart

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

81
Q

Second area of the heart, located in the lower portion of the right atrium

A

Atrioventricular node

82
Q

PA reach the AV node, spread slowly and into bundle of specialized cardiac muscle

A

Atrioventricular bundle

83
Q

AV bundle divides into 2 branches of conducting tissue

A

left and right bundle branches

84
Q

Tips of the left and right bundle branches, the conducting tissue many small bundles called

A

purkinje fibers

85
Q

When AP originate in an area of the heart other than SA node, the result is

A

ectopic beat

86
Q

Repetitive pumping process that begins with the onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends with the beginning of the next contraction

A

Cardiac Cycle

87
Q

The contraction of 2 atria

A

atrial systole

88
Q

Contraction of 2 ventricles

A

ventricular systole

89
Q

Relaxation of 2 atria

A

Atrial diastole

90
Q

Relaxation of 2 ventricles

A

Ventricular diastole

91
Q

3 main types of blood vessels

A

arteries, capillaries, and veins

92
Q

Carry vlood away from the blood, the blood is oxygen rich

93
Q

Exchange occurs between the blood and tissue fluid.

A

Capillaries

94
Q

Carry blood toward the heart, the blood is oxygen poor

95
Q

Blood vessels walls consists of 3 layers or tunics

A
  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica adventitia
96
Q

consists of endothelium composed os simple squamous epithelial cells

A

tunica intima or innermost layer

97
Q

smooth muscle cells arranged cicularly around the blood vessel. Contains of elastic and collagen fibers

A

Tunica media or middle layer

98
Q

dense connective tissue. Becomes loose connective tissue toward the outer portion of the blood vessel wall.

A

Tunica adventitia

99
Q

largest diameter arteries and have the thickest walls

A

Elastic arteries

100
Q

Medium sized and small arteries

A

Muscular arteries

101
Q

Medium sized arteries frequently called _ bc the smooth muscle tissue enables these vessels to control blood flow to diff. body regions

A

distributing arteries

102
Q

Contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels

A

Vasoconstriction

103
Q

Relaxation of smooth muscle in the blood vessels

A

Vasodilation

104
Q

Trabsport blood from small arteries to capillaries. Smallest arteries in which 3 tunics can be identified

A

Arterioles

105
Q

Blood flow through capillaries is regulated by smooth muscle cells

A

precapillary sphincters

106
Q

Layer of simple squamous epithelium surrounded by delicate loose connective tissue.

A

endothelium

107
Q

Have a diameter slightly larger than that of capillaries

108
Q

Allow blood to flow toward the heart but not in the opposite direction

109
Q

Slightly larger in diameter then venuels

A

Small veins

110
Q

Abnormal heart sounds usually result of faulty valves

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