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Anatomy Term 1 > Nerves Part 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Nerves Part 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

composed of the brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

composed of the nerves that connect the brain or spinal cord with the body muscles, glands, and sense organs

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3
Q

Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary control of movements)

A
  • afferent neurons bring signals from peripheral receptors to the CNS
  • Efferent Neurons bring signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscle fibres
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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System - Involuntary (Smooth and Cardiac)

A
  • Contains sensory neurons from visceral organs and motor neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands
  • This system works with endocrine system to maintain homeostasis
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5
Q

Enteric nervous system (Part of ANS)

A

Neurons that regulate gastrointestinal system

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6
Q

Functions of the Nervous System (Sensory Function)

A

Sensory receptors detect internal and external stimuli
Information is carried to brain and spinal cord through cranial and spinal nerves

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7
Q

Functions of the Nervous System (Integrative Function)

A

Integrates sensory information by analyzing and storing some of it
and by making decisions for appropriate responses (a.k.a. integration)

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8
Q

Functions of the Nervous System (Motor Function)

A

Elicitation of motor response in response to integrated sensory
information
Activates effectors (muscles and/or glands)

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9
Q

Neurons

A

Possess electrical excitability
3 parts
1. Cell Body
2. Dendrites
3. Axon

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10
Q

Neurons (Cell Body)

A

Contains nucleus, cytoplasm & typical organelles

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11
Q

Neurons (Dendrites)

A

The receiving or input parts of the neuron
Usually short with many branches

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12
Q

Neurons (Axons)

A
  • Conducts nerve impulses
  • Nerve impulses arise at the
    axon hillock
  • Some have axon collaterals
  • Terminate at axon terminals
  • Axon terminals form
    Synapses with other neurons
    or effector cells
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13
Q

3 Structural Classification

A
  1. Multipolar
  2. Bipolar
  3. Unipolar
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14
Q

Functional Classification

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) neurons
  2. Motor (efferent) neurons
  3. Interneurons (associtation neurons)
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15
Q

Sensory (afferent neurons)

A
  • unipolar/bipolar
  • sensory receptors (input) at distal end
  • action potential conveyed through cranial or spinal nerves
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16
Q

Motor (efferent neurons)

A
  • multipolar
  • convey action potential to effectors (muscles and glands)
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17
Q

Interneurons (Association neurons)

A
  • Multipolar
  • Within CNS between sensory and motor neurons
  • Integrate/process incoming sensory information
  • activate appropriate motor neurons to elicit a response
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18
Q

Neuroglia (Neuron Helpers)

A
  • smaller than neurons and at least 5 times as many
  • they do not generate or conduct nerve impulses
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19
Q

Neuroglia in the CNS

A
  • astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
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20
Q

Neuroglia in the PNS

A
  • Schwann Cells
  • Satellite cells
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21
Q

Astrocytes (CNS)

A
  • protect Neurons from harmful substances
  • Maintain proper chemical environment for nerve impulse generation
  • play a role in learning and memory
  • Help form the blood-brain barrier
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22
Q

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

A
  • Produce/maintain myelin sheath around several adjacent neurons
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23
Q

Microglia (CNS)

A
  • Protect CNS from disease: engulf invading microbes
  • Clear away debris of dead cells in damaged nerve tissue
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24
Q

Ependymal Cells (CNS)

A
  • line ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord
  • form a cerebrospinal fluid and assist in circulation
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25
Q

Schwann Cells (PNS)

A
  • produce and maintain myelin sheath around a single axon of a neuron
  • participate in regeneration of PNS axons
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26
Q

Satellite cells (PNS)

A
  • Support neurons in PNS ganglia
  • Regulate exchange of materials between neurons and interstitial fluid
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27
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • many-layered covering composed of lipid and protein
  • protects axon, like insulation of an electrical wire
  • Increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction
  • up to 100 layers
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28
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • gaps in the myelin sheath
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29
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A
  • 70 mv
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30
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Runs from the foramen magnum to 2nd
    lumbar vertebrae
  • Suspended within the vertebral canal
  • Extends from the medulla oblongata and (part of the brain stem) to the upper border of L2 (the conus medullaris)
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31
Q

Spinal Meninges

A
  • Three meninges (meninx = singular),
  • Cover the spinal cord.
  • Continuous with the cranial meninges (protect the brain)
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32
Q

Cauda Equina

A

collection of spinal nerves that travel down the vertebral canal

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33
Q

Cervical Enlargement

A

neurons innervate upper limbs

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34
Q

Lumbar Enlargements

A

neurons innervate lower limbs

35
Q

Dura Mater

A

Superficial
* Outer layer
* Tough, single-layered
membrane deep to the
epidural space.

36
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
  • Middle layer of the
    meninges
  • Collagen and elastic fibers
    resembles a spider’s web.
37
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A
  • A space between the
    arachnoid mater and pia
    mater;
  • Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
38
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • Delicate, transparent inner layer;
  • Adheres to the surface of the
    spinal cord.
39
Q

Spinal Cord Function

A
  1. Carry sensory and motor
    information
  2. Spinal reflexes
40
Q

Central Canal

A

Contains CSF

41
Q

Grey Matter

A

Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons,
axon terminals, and neuroglia.

42
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated Axons organized into white columns

43
Q

Dorsal Horn

A

Posterior
- Sensory neurons cell body
- incoming signals

44
Q

Ventral Horn

A

anterior
* Motor neuron cell bodies
* Outgoing signals

45
Q

Lateral Horns

A

Only TSP and upper LSP contain cell bodies of ANS motor neurons which regulate activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands)

46
Q

Roots

A

Two bundles of axons connect each
spinal nerve to a segment of
the cord.

47
Q

Dorsal Root

A

contains only sensory axons, which conduct
nerve impulses from sensory
receptors in the skin, muscles &
internal organs to the CNS.

48
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

contains sensory neuron cell bodies

49
Q

Ventral Root

A

contains axons of motor neurons, which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the
effectors.

50
Q

The Brain (Protection)

A
  • Meninges
  • Blood-Brain Barrier
    (Astrocytes)
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
51
Q

Meninges (Layers)

A

3 Layers
1. Pia Mater (Deep)
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Dura Mater (Superificial)

52
Q

Meninges (Functions)

A

Functions:
i. Cover and protect the CNS
ii. Protect blood vessels
iii. Contain cerebrospinal fluid
iv. Form compartments in the skull

53
Q

Blood - Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

Capillaries restrict the passage of substances from the bloodstream into the brain’s extracellular fluid
Astrocytes surround the endothelial cells and are essential to the BBB
BBB protects brain from harmful substances and pathogens

54
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Clear & colourless liquid
* Carries oxygen, glucose, and other chemicals to neurons
and neuroglia, removes their wastes

55
Q

Ventricles

A

4 Cavities all connected

56
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

contains ependymal cells that PRODUCE
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

  1. Flowing from the 1st to 4th ventricle
  2. CSF flows into the central canal of the spinal cord
  3. Into the subarachnoid space around the surface of the brain and
    spinal cord
57
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland

58
Q

Brain Stem

A

medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain

59
Q

Thalamus (Diencephalon)

A
  • processing station for sensory info
  • focusing attention by filtering out sensory distractions
60
Q

Hypothalamus (Diencephalon)

A
  • Master command center for neural and hormone coordination
  • Behaviours having to do with the preservation of the individual (ex. eating and drinking) and preservation of species (reproduction)
61
Q

Pineal Gland (Diencephalon)

A
  • regulates biological rhythms (ie. Sleep)
  • the pineal gland secretes melatonin in low light that helps to promote sleep
  • involved in producing dreams
62
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Connected directly with the spinal cord
  • most primitive brain region, found in all animals
  • regulating consciousness and sleep-wake cycles
63
Q

Midbrain (Brainstem)

A
  • releases dopamine effect on the basal nuclei (regulates muscle movements)
64
Q

Pons (Brainstem)

A
  • coordinating muscle movements
  • relaying information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum
  • regulating breathing
65
Q

Medulla oblongata (Brainstem)

A
  • controls breathing
  • regulates heart contractions
  • center for many reflexes
    ex. coughing, sneezing, and vomiting
66
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located at the base of the brain
- learning and controlling muscle movements
- fine motor control
- coordinating many muscle groups so movements are smooth (ex. walking and dancing)

67
Q

Limbic System (Emotions)

A

Major role in our emotions and how they impact learning, memory, and social interactions

68
Q

Limbic System Components

A
  1. Olfactory bulb (smell is highly linked to memories)
  2. Hippocampus (long term memory storage)
69
Q

Outer Region (Cerebrum)

A

Cerebral Cortex
(an outer rim of grey matter)

70
Q

Inner Region (Cerebrum)

A
  • cerebral white matter
  • cerebral grey matter nuclei
71
Q

Longitudinal fissure (landmark)

A

divides the cerebrum into right and l;eft halves called cerebral hemispheres

72
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects hemispheres (made of white matter)

73
Q

4 Cerebrum Landmarks

A
  1. Longitudinal Fissure
  2. Corpus Callosum
  3. Lateral Cerebral sulcus
  4. Central Sulcus
74
Q

5 Lobes of Cerebrum

A
  1. Frontal Lobe - (Motor)
  2. Parietal Lobe - (Sensory)
  3. Temporal Lobe - (Auditory)
  4. Occipital Lobe - (Visual)
  5. Insula - perception of pain and gastric and bladder fullness (within lateral cerebral sulcus)
75
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Separates the frontal and parietal lobes

76
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

anterior to the central sulcus

77
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Posterior to the central sulcus (motor cortex)

78
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

Posterior to the central sulcus (sensory cortex)

79
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Contains the motor cortex and premotor cortex
- Broca’s area is part of the frontal lobe that controls
muscles involved in speaking.

80
Q

Parietal lobe

A

contains sensory cortex

81
Q

Temporal lobe

A

contains the auditory cortex and associated areas that interpret sound

82
Q

Occipital lobe

A

contains the visual cortex and associated areas that interpret visual stimuli

83
Q

Insula

A

involved in perception of pain, gastric and bladder fullness

Anatomy Term 1 (7 decks)

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