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AnP > Nerves n Heart > Flashcards

Nerves n Heart Flashcards

0
Q

these inform the brain as to the amount of tension in the muscle and tendons

A

Golgi tendon

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1
Q

these inform the nervous system of the length of the muscle

A

muscle spindles

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2
Q

what r the two motor divisions of the PNS?

describe

A

somatic (voluntary)

autonomic (involuntary)

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3
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the ANS?

what do they do?

A

sympathetic (speeds up)

parasympathetic (slows down)

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4
Q

what part of a nerve cell is considered a network of neurofibrils?

A

cell body

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5
Q

come shaped are of a nerve cell from which the axon arises

A

axon hillock

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6
Q

what are clusters of cell bodies called in the CNS?

PNS?

A

CNS - nuclei

PNS - ganglia

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7
Q

this part of a nerve cell is the short, tapering, and diffusely branched, receptive region

A

dendrite

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8
Q

what conveys impulses toward the cell body?

A

dendritea

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9
Q

what is the region of neuronal secretion?

where are they located

A

synaptic knobs

end of axon

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10
Q

what is the conducting region of a neuron?

A

axon

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11
Q

what are sheaths created by?

A

Schwann cella

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12
Q

what do impulses jump over on the axon?

what is this process called

A

nodes of ranvier

saltatory conduction

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13
Q

what is the speed of saltatory conduction?

reg conduction?

A

5-30m/sec (~10-60mph)

.5-2m/sec (~1-4mph)

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14
Q

what are the 5 parts of the reflex arch in order?

A
  1. receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. integration center
  4. motor neuron
  5. effector
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15
Q

what do nerves primarily run on?

A

glucose

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16
Q

this is compose of 3-10 short intrafusal muscle fibers in a connective tissue capsule

A

muscle spindle

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17
Q

what are intrafusal fibers wrapped with

A

type 1 and type 2 sensory nerve fiber

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18
Q

the purpose of this is to relay muscle tension info.

what does this process cause and why?

A 
Golgi tendon reflex
muscle relaxation (lengthening) in response to tension 
helps prevent damage do to excessive stretch
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19
Q

what activates the Golgi tendon organ?

A

contraction or passive stretch

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20
Q

which part of the brain coordinates fine motor movement, precision, timing, accuracy, and posture?
what is another name for this part?

A

cerebellum (the little brain)

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21
Q

also called the sensory lobe.. major center for sensory info other than smell, hearing and vision

A

parietal

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22
Q

Executive function part of the brain.. used for voluntary motor skills, movement, aggression, sense of smell

A

frontal

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23
Q

hearing part of the brain.. important in hearing and smell as well as in abstract thought processes

A

temporal

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24
Q

vision part of the brain. reception and integration of visual stimulus and is distinct from the other lobes

A

occipital

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25
Q

what is increased in the brain which aids in neurogenesis through exercise and PA
which parts of the brain?

A

brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF)

prefrontal cortex and temporal lobes

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26
Q

3 primary functions of the heart

A

O2 to cells
CO2 and waste away from cells
regulate body temp

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27
Q

where is the heart located?

A

in the mediastinum bw 2nd rib and 5th intercostal space

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28
Q

what r the two purposes of the pericardium?

A

protect, anchor and prevent overfilling

fluid filled pericardial cavity decreases friction

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29
Q

visceral layer of the serous pericardium

A

epicardium

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30
Q

spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells w crisscrossing layers of connective tissue

A

myocardium

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31
Q

continuous w endothelial lining of blood vessels

A

endocardium

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32
Q

what internally separates the atria

A

interatrial septum

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33
Q

what are the two ventricles separated by

A

interventricular septum

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34
Q

which side of the heart carry blood to and from the lungs

A

right

35
Q

which side of the heart carry blood to and from all body tissues?

A

left

36
Q

what are the walls of the atria ridged by?

A

pectinate muscles

37
Q

what are the ventricles ridged by?

A

trabeculae carneae

38
Q

what is the main purpose of AV valves?

A

prevent back flow into the atria when ventricles contract

39
Q

what is the “lub” sound?

what does this sound signify?

A

Av valves closing

signifies beginning of systole

40
Q

what is the “dub” sound?

what does this sound signify?

A

semilunar valves closing

signifies beginning of ventricular diastole

41
Q

these cells are striated, branched, and connected at intercalated disks

A

cardiac muscle cells

42
Q

at the intercalated disks, what are the cells held together by?

A

desmosomes

43
Q

what does the electrical impulse to contract move through?

A

gal junctions

44
Q

what r two differences in cardiac contraction compared to skeletal muscle contraction

A
  1. depolarization wave opens slow Ca+2 channels in the SR

2. Ca+2 surge prolongs the depolarization phase n continues the contraction

45
Q

describe the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

A

SA node - AV node- AV bundle - bundle branches - purkinjie fibers

46
Q

pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node (sinoatrial)

47
Q

how fast does the SA node generate an impulse

A

100 times/minute

48
Q

how fast does the AV node generat an impulse in absence of the SA mode?

A

50 times/minute

49
Q

the only electrical connection bw the atria and ventricles

A

AV bundle (bundle of His)

50
Q

two pathways in the interventricular septum that carry impulses toward the apex of the heart

A

right n left bundle branches

51
Q

what do the purkinjie fibers do?

A

cause the apex, papillary muscles. an the ventricular walls to depolarize

52
Q

how fast do the AV bundle and purkinjie fibers depolarize in absence of AV node input?

A

30 times/minute

53
Q

what modifies heartbeat?

A

the ANS

54
Q

where are cardiac centers located?

A

brain stem (medulla oblongata)

55
Q

what cardiac center innervates through sympathetic neurons?

what parts of the heart does it affect?

A

cardioacceleratory center

innervates the SA n AV node, heart muscles, and coronary arteries

56
Q

what center inhibits through parasympathetic fibers?
what parts o the heart does it affect?
in what nerves?

A

cardioinhibitory
SA and AV node
in vagus nerves

57
Q

when the heart is contracting

A

systole

58
Q

when the heart is relaxing

A

diastole

59
Q

volume of blood in the left ventricle at the end of ventricular diastole

A

end diastolic volume (EDV)

60
Q

volume of blood remaining in the left ventricle after systole

A

end systolic volume (ESV)

61
Q

volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle

A

stroke volume (SV)

62
Q

what is the equation for stroke volume?

A

EDV - ESV

63
Q

volume of blood pumped each min

?/?

A 
cardiac output (Q)
(ml/min)
64
Q

what is the cardiac output approx at rest

A

~5 liters/min

65
Q

what is the typical cardiac output during exercise?

A

~20 - 40 liters/min

66
Q

stretch of the heart immediately before contraction?

what law?

A

preload

frank-starling law

67
Q

force of contraction

A

contractility

68
Q

back pressure of blood on the semilunar valves

A

afterload

69
Q

muscles contract causing blood to b pushed toward the heart

why does this work

A

muscle pump

bc veins have valves

70
Q

what three factors affect preload?

A

muscle pump
increased time bw systole and diastole
time of exercise

71
Q

what two factors affect SV

A

contractility

afterload

72
Q

t/f

resting heart rate is faster after meals

A

t

73
Q

abnormally fast heart rate?

how fast is abnormal?

A

tachycardia

>100 bpm

74
Q

what does tachycardia lead to if persistent?

A

fibrillation

75
Q

abnormally slow heart rate?

what is the bpm for this?

A

bradycardia

<60 bpm

76
Q

what is normal bpm?

A

bw 100-60 bpm

77
Q

what are four age-related changes that affect the heart?

A

sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps
decline in cardiac strength
fibrosis of cardiac muscle
atherosclerosis

78
Q

how long does CV training take to lower HR?

A

approx 12 weeks

79
Q

t/f

CV training lowers HR at submaximal and max exercise

A

f

HR is unchanged at max exercise

80
Q

t/f

CV training increases SV at rest, submaximal, and max exercise

A

t

81
Q

how long until plasma volume is higher?

A

6 wks

82
Q

is childrens’ SV bigger or smaller than adults’

A

smaller

83
Q

what age range does ma HR not change for kids

A

7-15

84
Q

what is the average max HR for kids

A

185-215

85
Q

t/f

kids have less sweat glands than adults

A

f

AnP (3 decks)

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