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Biology - Unit One > Nerves And Hormones > Flashcards

Nerves And Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the nervous system do?

A

It allows us to respond to changes in our environment by coordinating actions.

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2
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the environment that you might need to react to.

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3
Q

What detects stimuli?

A

Sense organs

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4
Q

What are the five sense organs?

A
  • Eyes
  • Ears
  • Nose
  • Tongue
  • Skin
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5
Q

What is the Central Nervous System?

A

Where all information from receptors in the sense organs is sent and processed.

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6
Q

What two things make up the CNS?

A

The brain and the spinal chord.

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7
Q

Give two examples of effectors and how they can react to stimuli.

A
  • Muscles can contract

* Glands secrete hormones

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8
Q

What is a sensory neurone?

A

A neurone that carries electrical signals from the receptors to the CNS.

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9
Q

What is a relay neurone?

A

A neurone that carries electrical signals between the sensory neurones and the motor neurones. They are found in the CNS.

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10
Q

What is a motor neurone?

A

A neurone that carries electrical signals from the CNS to the effectors.

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11
Q

What is the order of events when the body comes into contact with a stimulus?

A

Stimulus > Receptor > Sensory Neurones >CNS > Motor Neurones > Effector > Respone

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12
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The connection between two neurones.

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13
Q

How do electrical signals cross synapses?

A

The nerve signal is transferred as chemicals called neurotransmitters. They then trigger an electrical signal at the next neurone.

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14
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A fast, automatic response to a stimulus that bypasses the brim completely to save time.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of a reflex?

A

To save the body from coming to harm.

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16
Q

Describe the reflex arc.

A

Stimulus > Receptor > Sensory Neurone > Relay Neurone > Motor Neurone > Effector > Reflex action

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17
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment.

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18
Q

What controls all our metabolic reactions?

A

Enzymes

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19
Q

At what temperature do enzymes work best at?

A

37 degrees

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20
Q

Why is it important for the body to be kept at 37 degrees?

A

Else wise the enzymes in the body would denature and so not work properly.

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21
Q

What part of the body controls the body’s temperature?

A

The thermoregulatory centre in the brain.

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22
Q

What organ removes excess ions from the body?

A

The kidneys

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23
Q

How can the body lose water?

A
  • Sweat
  • Exhalation
  • Urination
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24
Q

How is blood glucose controlled?

A

By being used to create energy or being stored as glycogen in the liver.

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25
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells. They are generally slow acting and have long-lasting effects.

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26
Q

What produces hormones?

A

Glands

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27
Q

What works quicker: nerves or hormones?

A

Nerves

28
Q

What acts for a longer time: nerves or hormones?

A

Hormones

29
Q

Which acts on a more specific area: nerves or hormones?

A

Nerves

30
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The sequence of events in which a female releases an ovum and prepares the womb in case of fertilisation.

31
Q

What is Stage One of the menstrual cycle?

A

Bleeding begins as the uterus lining breaks down. Lasts roughly 4 days.

32
Q

What is Stage Two of the menstrual cycle?

A

The uterus lining builds up again. This usually takes ten days.

33
Q

What is Stage Three of the menstrual cycle?

A

The ovum is released on day 14.

34
Q

What is Stage Four of the menstrual cycle?

A

The wall is maintained for 14 days. If a fertilised ovum is not received, the lining breaks down on day 28.

35
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

36
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

The pituitary gland

37
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Causes the ovum to mature and stimulates the production of oestrogen.

38
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

The ovaries

39
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Causes production of LH and prevents production of FSH.

40
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinising Hormone

41
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

The pituitary gland

42
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates the release of the ovum.

43
Q

What is a contraceptive?

A

A method of preventing pregnancy.

44
Q

What two hormones can be used as contraceptives?

A

Oestrogen and Progesterone.

45
Q

How does oestrogen act as a contraceptive?

A

It inhibits FSH production.

46
Q

How does progesterone act as a contraceptive?

A

It stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm from reaching the ovum.

47
Q

What does “the pill” contain?

A

Progesterone and oestrogen.

48
Q

Why did the oestrogen content of the pill have to be reduced?

A

Because links were made between the pill and blood clots.

49
Q

What are the benefits of taking the pill?

A
  • 99% success rate

* Reduced risk of some cancers

50
Q

What are the problems with the pill?

A
  • Not 100% effective
  • Some side effects (headaches, nausea etc)
  • Doesn’t prevent STIs
51
Q

How can one increase fertility?

A

By injecting FSH and LH to stimulate egg maturation and release.

52
Q

What are the issues with injecting FSH and LH?

A
  • Doesn’t always work

* Can result in unexpected multiple pregnancies

53
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

54
Q

What is IVF?

A

A process that can be used to help couples who are having difficulty having children.

55
Q

Describe the process of IVF

A

1) FSH and LH are used to stimulate the release of multiple ova
2) Ova are collected from the ovaries
3) The ova are fertilised in a lab using a sample of the father’s sperm
4) The fertilised eggs are grown into embryos. One or two are replaced into the woman’s uterus.

56
Q

What are the problems surrounding IVF?

A
  • Some woman have strong negative reactions to the hormones
  • Links to cancer
  • Multiple births and related issues
57
Q

What is auxin?

A

A plant hormone found in the tips of roots and shoot. It encourages growth in shoots and inhibits growth in roots.

58
Q

What is phototropism?

A

Plant growth in respond to light.

59
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

Plant growth in response to gravity.

60
Q

What happens when a shoot tip is exposed to light?

A

More auxin accumulates at the shaded side of the shoot. This makes the cells on the shaded side grow quicker and so the shoot bends towards the light.

61
Q

What happens when a shoot is growing sideways?

A

Auxin falls to the bottom of the shoot which stimulates growth at the bottom of the shoot. This means the shoot bends upwards.

62
Q

What happens when a root grows sideways?

A

The auxin falls to the bottom which inhibits growth in the bottom of the root. This causes the root to bend downwards.

63
Q

What happens when there’s more moisture on one side of a root?

A

Auxin moves to the moist side which inhibits growth on the moist side. This causes the root to bend towards the moisture.

64
Q

Name two ways artificial plant hormones are used in agri- /horticulture.

A
  • Selective weed killers

* Rooting powders

65
Q

How do selective weed killers work?

A

They are made of plant growth hormones that only work on broadleaved plants. This disrupts the broadleaved weeds’ growing patterns so they die.

Biology - Unit One (8 decks)

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