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Biology - Unit One > Genetic Variation and Control > Flashcards

Genetic Variation and Control Flashcards

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1
Q

What is variation?

A

The differences between members of the same species.

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2
Q

What are the two types of variation?

A

Genetic and environmental variation.

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3
Q

What are genes?

A

Codes in our cells that control how you’re made.

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4
Q

How are genes passed on from parents to their offspring?

A

They are passed on through gametes.

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5
Q

What is environmental variation?

A

How environmental factors around an organism change it.

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6
Q

Give three examples of environmental variation.

A
  • Losing toes to a piranha
  • Getting a suntan
  • Plants having yellow leaves
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7
Q

Give three characteristics that are informed by both genetic and environmental factors.

A
  • Height
  • Health
  • Intelligence
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8
Q

Where is genetic material kept in most cells?

A

In the nucleus.

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9
Q

How many chromosome pairs do humans have?

A

23

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10
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Long lengths of DNA

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11
Q

What are genes?

A

Individual bits of DNA that give different characteristics to an organism.

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12
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene.

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13
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

When genetic information from two organisms are combined to produce genetically different offspring.

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14
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells - sperm and ova.

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15
Q

How many chromosomes do human gametes have?

A

23

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16
Q

What is fertilisation?

A

When sperm and ova fuse to form a cell with a full amount of chromosomes.

17
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

When a cell splits itself in half to create two genetically identical offspring.

18
Q

How do cells achieve asexual reproduction?

A

Each chromosome in the cell splits into two “half chromosomes.” A membrane forms around each sell and then the DNA replicate themselves to give each cell a full set of chromosomes.

19
Q

What is cloning?

A

Making a genetically identical copy of an organism.

20
Q

How are plant cuttings used for cloning?

A

Th cuttings are taken from good parent plants and are planted to produce genetically identical offspring.

21
Q

What are two advantages of planting plant cuttings?

A

It is quick and cheap.

22
Q

Describe using a tissue culture.

A

A few plant cells are put in a growth medium with added hormones which grow into genetically identical plants.

23
Q

What are three advantages of using tissue cultures?

A

It is quick, space efficient and not affected by seasons.

24
Q

Describe the process of embryo transplantation.

A

1) Sperm cells are taken from the father with desirable traits and is fused with an ovum from a mother with desirable traits.
2) The embryo is split many times before any specialisation happens.
3) The cloned embryos are implanted in surrogate organisms.
4) The offspring are genetically identical to each other but not to the parents.

25
Q

Describe the process of adult cell cloning.

A

1) An unfertilised ovum is taken from a female is removed from the body and has its nucleus removed.
2) A complete nucleus from the desired parent is removed from the parent and is fused with the ovum using an electric shock.
3) The electric shock also causes the cell to begin to divide into an embryo.
4) The embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother.

26
Q

What are three benefits of cloning?

A
  • Quickly gets you ideal offspring.
  • Could lead to greater understanding of ageing.
  • Could help to preserve endangered species.
27
Q

What are three concerns surrounding cloning?

A
  • Resuced gene pool could make population more susceptible to disease.
  • Cloned animals can be unhealthy
  • Cloning humans could mean more deformities and disabilities.
28
Q

What is the goal of genetic engineering?

A

To copy a useful gene from organism into the cells of another.

29
Q

Describe the process of genetic engineering.

A

1) A useful gene is cut from one organism’s chromosome using enzymes.
2) The target cell has a similar section removed and is replaced by the useful gene.

30
Q

What are three uses of genetic engineering?

A
  • GM crops can be made resistant to viruses, insects and herbicides.
  • Sheep can be engineered to produce drugs in their milk.
  • Genetic disorders can be remedied using gene therapy.
31
Q

What are two benefits of GM crops?

A
  • Increased crop yield.

* Can help third world countries where people lack certain nutrients.

32
Q

What are three concerns about GM crops?

A
  • Some people argue that GM crops will decrease biodiversity
  • Allergy concerns
  • Transplanted genes could escape and breed “super weeds” etc

Biology - Unit One (8 decks)

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