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Biology - Unit One > Keeping Healthy > Flashcards

Keeping Healthy Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we need carbohydrates?

A

Energy release

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2
Q

Why do we need fat?

A

Insulation and energy release

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3
Q

Why do we need protein?

A

Growth and repair

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4
Q

Why do we need vitamins and minerals?

A

To keep skin, bones, blood etc healthy

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The release of energy to fuel chemical reactions.

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6
Q

What is metabolic rate?

A

The rate at which chemical reactions take place in the body.

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7
Q

What happens to your metabolic rate when you exercise?

A

It rises.

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8
Q

Why do people who do lots of exercise need more carbs and fats in their diets?

A

Because their metabolic rate is higher for longer so they need to release more energy.

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9
Q

What is malnourishment?

A

Not having a balanced diet i.e. Eating too much or too little

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10
Q

What are the effects of malnourishment?

A
  • Obesity
  • Type Two Diabetes
  • Arthritis
  • Slow growth
  • Fatigue
  • Weak immune system
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11
Q

Why do those who exercise tend to be healthier than those who don’t?

A

Exercise increases the energy used by the body and as such decreases the amount stored as far. It also builds muscle which boosts metabolic rate.

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12
Q

How can inherited factors affect an individual’s health?

A
  • Some could have a naturally lower metabolic rate if they inherit an under active thyroid.
  • Some can inherit high blood cholesterol which increases the risk of coronary heart disease.
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13
Q

If a food contains a lot of Saturated Fat, what effects can it have on the body?

A

Increase blood cholesterol.

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14
Q

If a food contains a lot of Sodium, what effects can it have on the body?

A

Increase blood pressure.

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15
Q

If a food contains a lot of energy what effects can it have on the body?

A

Obesity

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16
Q

What should we consider when evaluating slimming claims?

A
  • Is the report scientific and published in a reputable journal?
  • Is it written by a qualified, unaffiliated person?
  • Was the sample size large enough?
  • Have other studies shown similar results?
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17
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Harmful microorganisms that enter the body.

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18
Q

What do bacteria do when they enter the body?

A

They live inside the body, producing toxins and harming cells.

19
Q

What do viruses do when they enter the body?

A

They replicate by invading cells and using them to produce copies of themselves. The cells then burst and release all the viruses into the body to find more cells.

20
Q

How does the skin defend against disease?

A

It stops any pathogens touching your organs directly. If you have a cut pathogens can get into the bloodstream. As such we have platelets in the blood to seal any wounds.

21
Q

How does mucus defend against disease?

A

It traps pathogens before they reach the lungs. Tiny hairs in the respiratory tract then move them back out into the air.

22
Q

What are the three ways white blood cells can protect against disease?

A
  • Engulf and digest pathogens
  • Produce antitoxins to counteract toxins from bacteria
  • Produce antibodies
23
Q

What are antibodies?

A

They lock onto antigens on the pathogens and destroy them. Antibodies are unique and hang around afterwards in case of a future attack.

24
Q

Describe how a vaccination works.

A

Small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens are injected into the bloodstream carrying antigens. This instigates antibody production even though the pathogens are harmless. Once they have dealt with the “attack” they remain in the bloodstream in case of future attacks.

25
Q

What are the pros of vaccination?

A
  • Have successfully controlled major diseases like smallpox or polio.
  • Epidemics can be prevented if enough of the population are vaccinated.
26
Q

What are the cons of vaccination?

A
  • Don’t always make you immune.
  • Sometimes the body responds negatively to vaccination.
  • Some are afraid of links to autism.
27
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

They relieve pain by numbing pain receptors. They don’t actually tackle the cause of the disease.

28
Q

What do antibiotics do?

A

They kill or prevent the growth of bacteria.

29
Q

Why are viruses difficult to treat?

A

They can’t be got rid of using antibiotics as they are inside the cells. This makes it difficult to destroy them without harming the cells as well.

30
Q

What is antibiotic resistance?

A

When bacteria mutate to become resistant to an antibiotic.

31
Q

How does antibiotic resistance occur?

A

By not taking a full course of medication, some bacteria can survive and mutate to become immune. These strains reproduce and make you will again.

32
Q

How can we prevent the spread of Antibiotic Resistance?

A
  • Take full courses of antibiotics.

* Use antibiotics sparingly.

33
Q

What is meant by culturing microorganisms?

A

The growth of microorganisms on a culture medium such as agar jelly.

34
Q

How can we test for the action of antibiotics?

A
  • Agar jelly is heated to kill any unwanted microorganisms. The hot agar is poured into a Petri dish.
  • When the agar has cooled, wire loops are used to move microorganisms onto the culture medium. They multiply.
  • Paper discs are soaked in various antibiotics and placed on the cultured medium. Resistant bacteria continue to multiply whereas non-resistant strands die.
35
Q

What should be used as a control method when testing for the action of antibiotics?

A

A disk soaked in water. This means that we can be sure that any change is due to the action of the antibiotics and not other external factors.

36
Q

How can we avoid contamination when testing for the action of antibiotics?

A
  • The wire loops should be put in a flame before handling each pathogen.
  • The Petri dishes should be taped closed.
37
Q

At what Tenperature should the Petri dishes be kept when testing for the action of antibiotics? Why?

A

25 degrees. This is because harmful pathogens are unlikely to grow at this temperature.

38
Q

Who was Ignaz Semmelweis? What did he do?

A

He was a doctor in Vienna General Hospital in the 1840s. He saw a lot of women dying after childbirth from puerperal fever so conjectured that all staff should wash their hands when changing from patient to patient. This cut the death rate from 12% to 2%

39
Q

Why did Semmelweis’s conjecture work?

A

The antiseptic solution involved in hand washing killed any bacteria on the doctors’ hands. However, Semmelweis did not know this.

40
Q

Why did doctors stop washing their hands again when Semmelweis left?

A

He had no scientific proof of the benefits of hand washing.

41
Q

What was the effect of doctors stopping washing their hands once Semmelweis left?

A

The death rate rose again.

42
Q

How can bacteria endanger us in the future?

A

We don’t have any antibiotics to protect against new bacterial diseases. If the strain was resistant we would be in real trouble.

43
Q

How can viruses endanger us in the future?

A

If a virus mutated to be deadly and infectious, we could have a serious problem on our hands.

Biology - Unit One (8 decks)

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