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Histology > Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Nerve Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for neuron cell body? (2)

A
  1. Soma

2. Perikaryon

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2
Q

Classifications of neurons (4)

A
  1. Multipolar (1 axon and 2 or more dendrites)
  2. Bipolar (1 dendrite, 1 axon)
  3. Unipolar/Pseudounipolar (1 process that bifurcates near perikaryon)
  4. Anaxonic (many dendrites, no true axon, no AP, just regulate neighbors)
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3
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found? (3)

A
  • retina
  • olfactory epithelium
  • inner ear
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4
Q

What matter do perikarya and axons occur in?

A
  • perikarya = gray matter

- axons = white matter

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5
Q

Cause and tx for Parkinson’s?

A
  • cause = gradual loss via apoptosis of dopamine-producing neurons w/ cell bodies in nuclei of CNS substantia nigra
  • tx = L-dopa (dopamine precursor)
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6
Q

Histo appearance of soma?

A
  • basophilic regions w/ conc RER and polyribosomes

- chromatophilic substances (Nissl bodies)

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7
Q

Composition and staining of IM filaments in soma?

A
  • Neurofilaments (neurofibrils)

- stained silver

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8
Q

Where do most synapses on dendrites occur?

A

Dendritic spines

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9
Q

Parts of axon? (3)

A
  • PM = axolemma
  • contents - axoplasm
  • originate from axon hillock in perikaryon
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10
Q

Major categories of NTs? (4)

A
  • ACh
  • AAs like Glu and GABA
  • Monoamines (eg seratonin/5-HT and catecholamines/dopamine)
  • small polypep’s (eg endorphins and substance P)
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11
Q

Network of fine cellular processes emerging from neurons and glial cells?

A

Neuropil

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12
Q

Describe features and histo og oligodendrocytes (5)

A
  • extend many processes
  • produce myelin sheaths
  • found only in CNS
  • predominant glial cells in white matter (from lipids)
  • appear in LM as small cells w/ rounded, condensed nuclei and unstained cytoplasm
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13
Q

Describe features and histo of astrocytes (2)

A
  • proximal regions reinforced w/ IM filament bundles (glial fibrillary acid protein – GFAP)
  • most numerous glial cells in brain
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14
Q

Features and location of fibrous astrocytes? (2)

A
  • long delicate processes

- abundant in white matter

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15
Q

Features and location of protoplasmic astrocytes?

A
  • shorter processes

- predominate in gray matter

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16
Q

What are astrocytomas?

A
  • brain tumors derived from fibrous astrocytes

- express high amt’s of GFAP

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17
Q

Is Gly stimulatory or inhibitory?

A
  • inhibitory
  • inhibits activity b/w neurons in CNS (eg retina)
  • opens Cl- channels
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18
Q

Function of enkephalin?

A
  • neuropeptide

- regulates response to noxious/hamrful stimuli

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19
Q

Function of neuropeptide Y?

A
  • neuropeptide
  • regulates memory
  • energy balance
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20
Q

Function of somatostatin?

A
  • neuropeptide

- inhibits neuron activities in certain parts of brain

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21
Q

Function of substance P?

A
  • assists w/ pain info transmission

- neuropeptide

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22
Q

Function of cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A
  • neuropeptide
  • mediates satiation
  • represses hunger
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23
Q

Function of beta-endorphin?

A
  • neuropeptide
  • fosters feeling of well-being
  • prevents pain signal release
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24
Q

Function of neurotensin?

A
  • neuropeptide

- controls and moderates fx of dopamine

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25
Q

How can neuropil be stained?

A
  • gold staining
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26
Q

Name some functions of astrocytes (6)

A
  • BBB
  • regulate extracell ionic conc’s, esp K+ lvl’s
  • extend fibrous processes w/ perivasc feet that cover capillary endothelial cells and modulate blood flow
  • glial limiting membrane
  • proliferate to form astrocytic scar and fill tissue defects
  • comm w/ each other via gap junctions
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27
Q

Tissue components of Alzheimer’s?

A
  • neurofibrillary tangles from tau proteins

- neuritic plaques from beta-amyloid protein

28
Q

Features and histo of ependymal cells? (5)

A
  • columnar/cuboidal cells that line ventricles of brain and central canal of SC
  • cilia on apical ends to facilitate CSF movement
  • microvilli for absorption
  • joined by apical junctional complexes
  • no basal lamina
29
Q

Features and histo of microglial cells? (3)

A
  • immune defense in CNS
  • originate from bone marrow
  • small, dense, elongated structure
30
Q

Features of Schwann cells? (3)

A
  • aka neurolemmocytes
  • counterparts to oligodendrocytes in PNS
  • form myelin sheaths
31
Q

Features of satellite cells? (2)

A
  • form thin glial layer around each neuronal cell body in PNS ganglia
  • regulate microenvironments
32
Q

Where are pyramidal neurons found? Afferent or efferent?

A
  • cerebral cortex

- efferent

33
Q

3 layers of cerebellar cortex?

A
  1. thick outer molecular layer w/ neuropril
  2. thin middle layer w/ large Purkinje neurons
  3. thick inner granular layer w/ small, dense neurons
34
Q

Features of dura mater? (2)

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue

- outer periosteal and inner meningeal layers

35
Q

Features of arachnoid mater? (5)

A
  • sheet of connective tissue contacting dura mater
  • sys of loosely arranged trabeculae (collagen and fibroblasts) cont w/ pia mater
  • subarachnoid space w/ CSF surr trabeculae
  • avasc connective tissue
  • hold arachnoid villi, where CSF absorbed into venous sinuses
36
Q

Features of pia mater?

A
  • sep’d from neurons by thin layer of astrocytic processes (GLM)
  • covers perivasc spaces that penetrate CNS w/ blood vessels
37
Q

Where is BBB not present? (3)

A
  • hypothalamus
  • posterior pituitary
  • choroid plexus (CSF production)
38
Q

Histo of choroid plexus? (3)

A
  • highly vasc tissue
  • cuboidal ependymal cells
  • holds ions and lymphocytes but little protein
39
Q

Where are Schmidt-Lanterman (myelin) clefts found?

A
  • b/w major dense lines of membranes
40
Q

Nerve org of PNS?

A
  • thin layer of endoneurium surr external lamina of Schwann cells w/ reticular fibers, fibroblasts, and capillaries
  • Schwann cells/endoneurium bundled together as fascicles by perineurium sleeve, maintain blood-nerve barrier
  • epineurium is deep, irregular fibrous coat externally
41
Q

What proteins control neural plasticity?

A

Neurotrophins

42
Q

What is chromatolysis?

A
  • nerve regeneration

- axonal outgrowth

43
Q

What is a neuroma? (3)

A
  • extensive gap b/w proximal and distal segments of cut peripheral nerves
  • newly growing axons may form swelling (neuroma)
  • source of spont pain
44
Q

Where are pseudounipolar neurons found?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

45
Q

What organelles are Nissl bodies?

A

RER

46
Q

What organelles will not be found in axons? (2)

A
  • Golgi complex

- Nissl bodies

47
Q

What particles undergo fast axonal transport? (2)

A
  • vesicles

- mitochondria

48
Q

What particles undergo slow axonal transport? (2)

A
  • cytoplasmic proteins
  • cytoskeletal proteins
  • for assembly of MTs and neurofilaments
49
Q

What matter are fibrous and protoplasmic astrocytes each found in?

A
  • fibrous = white matter

- protoplasmic = gray matter

50
Q

What cells are primary site of HIV-1 infection in CNS?

A

Microglia

51
Q

Key diff’s b/w oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells? (2)

A
  • oligo’s = CNS while Schwann = PNS

- 1 oligo can myelinate several neurons but each Schwann can only myelinate one axon

52
Q

What type of nerves are found in lateral horn of spinal cord?

A

Pre-ganglionic sympathetic neurons

53
Q

Where is choroid plexus located?

A
  • in roof of 3rd/4th ventricles

- walls of lateral ventricles

54
Q

Where are astrocytes (GFAP-pos cells) found in neural tissue?

A

Gray matter

55
Q

In the choroid plexus H2O from capillaries is transported dir into CSF by what structure?

A

Ependyma

56
Q

What is a characteristic of connective tissue layer surr ind fascicles in large peripheral nn?

A

Important as part of blood-nerve barrier in nerve

57
Q

Key component of regeneration of peripheral axons after nerve injury?

A

Schwann cell proliferation

58
Q

What are the principal NTs in PNS?

A

ACh and noradrenaline

59
Q

T/F: Axons can branch and form synapses both along their course and at their ends

A

True

60
Q

What cell layers surr fascicles of nerve fibers w/i a nerve?

A

Perineurium

61
Q

Beginning at the axon membrane, name the layers of connective tissue that build up to make a peripheral nerve.

A

Myelin sheath –> Endoneurium –> Perineurium –> Epineurium

62
Q

Specific function of ependymal cells in CNS

A

Produce CSF

63
Q

What does central canal of spinal cord contain?

A

CSF

64
Q

What class of neurons exist in dorsal root ganglion?

A

Pseudounipolar

65
Q

When can Schwann cells assoc w/ more than 1 axon?

A

For unmyelinated axons in PNS

66
Q

Type of collagen that comprises endoneurium?

A

Type 3 collagen

Histology (7 decks)

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