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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

Describe general microscopic structure and functions of connective tissue proper

1
Q

What are main components of ground substance? (3)

A
  1. anionic, hydrophilic proteoglycans
  2. GAGs
  3. multiadhesive glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, etc.)
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2
Q

All connective tissues originate from ?

A

mesenchyme

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3
Q

Major features of mesenchymal cells? (2)

A
  1. undifferentiated

2. large nuclei

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4
Q

What cells produce most components of ECM?

A

Fibroblasts

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5
Q

What cell contributes to tissue repair/wound contraction? What is it rich in?

A

Myofibroblasts; actin/myosin

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6
Q

Why are macrophages necessary in ECM? (3)

A
  • turnover of ECM fibers (MMP secretion)
  • key participants in immune sys
  • secretion of growth factors/cytokines
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7
Q

Function of plasma cells in ECM?

A

Antibodies

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8
Q

Functions of eosinophilic leukocytes in ECM? (2)

A
  1. modulate allergic rxn’s

2. defense against parasites

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9
Q

Function of neutrophilic leukocytes in ECM?

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria

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10
Q

Function of mast cells & basophilic leukocytes in ECM?

A

Release bioactive components of inflammatory response, innate immunity, & tissue repair

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11
Q 
Derivates of monocytes in:
liver?
CNS?
skin?
bone?
A 
liver = Kupffer cells
CNS = microglial cells
skin = Langerhans cells
bone = osteoclasts
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12
Q

What is metochromasia and which cells do it?

A
  • mast cells

- change color of some basic dyes from blue to purple/red

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13
Q

What 6 molec’s released by mast cells? Functions?

A
  1. Heparin (anticoagulant)
  2. histamine (increased vasc perm & smooth mm contraction)
  3. serine proteases (mediate inflammation)
  4. eosinophil/neutrophil chemotactic factors (attract leukocytes)
  5. cytokines
  6. phospholipid precursors
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14
Q

What immunoglobin class is involved in allergic rxn’s?

A

IgE

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15
Q

Most common locations of mast cells? (2)

A
  1. near small blood vessels (perivascular)

2. lining of digestive/resp tracts (mucosal)

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16
Q

Descriptive features of plasma cells?

A
  • large, ovoid cells
  • basophilic cytoplasm
  • round nuceli
  • “clock-face” appearance
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17
Q

3 main types of fibers in ECM?

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastic fibers
  3. reticular fibers
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18
Q

Describe collagen type I

A
  • most abundant & widely dist collagen

- forms large, eosinophilic bundles (collagen fibers)

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19
Q

Fibrillar collagens are comprised of which types?

A

Types 1,2,3

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20
Q

Describe Type 4 collagens

A
  • network or sheet-forming
  • major structural proteins of external/epithelial basal laminae
  • subunits produced by epithelial cells
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21
Q

Describe Type 7 collagens

A
  • linking/anchoring collagens
  • link fibrillar collagens
  • also binds Type 4 collagen
  • anchors basal lamina to reticular lamina in BM
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22
Q

What is a keloid?

A

Local swelling caused by abnormally large amt’s of collagen that form in scars of skin

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23
Q

Major amino acid components of type 1 collagen? (3)

A
  • proline
  • lysine
  • glycine (every 3rd AA)
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24
Q

Major steps of type 1 collagen synth?

A
  1. procollagen alpha chains produced in RER
  2. ER hydroxylase enzymes add OH groups to Pro/Lys res
  3. glycosylation of some hydroxy-Lys
  4. in RER, C-terminal regions of 3 alpha chains are stabilized by cysteine disulfide bonds
  5. transported thru Golgi/vesicles & secreted
  6. outside cell, procollagen peptidases remove terminal globular peptides –> collagen
  7. fibrillar structures formed & reinforced by formation of covalent cross-links (catalyzed by lysyl oxidase)
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25
Q

How do collagens stain in H&E and Mallory trichrome stain?

A
  • acidophilic
  • stain pink w/ eosin
  • stain blue w/ Mallory trichrome
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26
Q

Major component of reticular fibers?

A

collagen type 3

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27
Q

Staining strategies for reticular fibers?

A
  • rarely visible in H&E
  • stained black w/ silver salts (argyrophilic)
  • PAS positive due to high content of sugar chains
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28
Q
  • Faulty transc/translation of collagen type 3

- leads to aortic/intestinal rupture

A

Ehlers-Danlos Type 4

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29
Q
  • faulty Lys hydroxylation
  • increased skin elasticity
  • eyeball rupture
A

Ehlers-Danlos type 6

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30
Q
  • decrease in procollagen peptidase activity
  • increased articular mobility
  • freq luxation (dislocation)
A

Ehlers-Danlos type 7

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31
Q
  • change of 1 nt in genes for collagen type 1
  • spont fractures
  • cardiac insufficiency
A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

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32
Q

Where do reticular fibers occur?

A
  • reticular lamina of BM
  • microvasc of liver & endocrine glands
  • surr adipocytes, smooth mm, nerve fibers, & small blood vessels
  • bone marrow, spleen, & lymph nodes
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33
Q

Where do elastic lamellae occur?

A

Walls of arteries

34
Q

What are elastic fibers composed of?

A

Fibrillin –> microfibrils –> elastin

35
Q

Main characteristic of elastic fibers?

A
  • bound firmly by desmosine rings
  • stretch reversibly when force applied
  • usually resists protease digestion
36
Q

How do elastic fibers stain?

A
  • darkly

- use orcein or aldehyde fuchsin

37
Q

Cause and major effect of Marfan syndrome?

A
  • cause: mutations in fibrillin-1 gene (needed for tropoelastin)
  • effect: aortic aneurysms b/c of lack of elasticity in high BP aorta
38
Q

3 major macromolec’s in ground substance?

A
  1. GAGs
  2. proteoglycans
  3. multiadhesive glycoproteins
39
Q

Synth and function of hyaluronan?

A
  • synth directly into ECM by hyaluronan synthase

- binds large amt of H2O to allow molec diffusion thru connective tissue + lubrication

40
Q

4 major GAGs?

A
  1. dermatan sulfate
  2. chondroitin sulfates
  3. keratan sulfate
  4. heparan sulfate
41
Q

Where are GAG side chains added to proteoglycans?

A

Golgi apparatus

42
Q

4 major proteoglycans?

A
  1. perlecan
  2. aggrecan (joins hyaluronan)
  3. decorin (ironically not very decorated w/ GAGs)
  4. syndecan
43
Q

2 major multiadhesive glycoproteins?

A
  1. laminin

2. fibronectin

44
Q

What comprises focal adhesions?

A

integrin-microfilament complexes that cluster in fibroblasts/mesenchymal cells

45
Q

Defining features of areolar tissue (loose connective tissue)

A
  • most numerous cells are fibroblasts
  • delicate consistency
  • flexible, yields to stress
46
Q

Describe dense irregular connective tissue

A
  • lots of fibroblasts
  • many bundled type 1 collagen fibers
  • bundles are randomly interwoven
  • stress-resistant
47
Q

Examples of dense irregular connective tissue?

A
  • deep dermis layer of skin

- capsules surr most organs

48
Q

Describe dense regular connective tissue

A
  • mostly fibroblasts & type 1 collagen bundles

- aligned in parallel for same direction stress-resistance

49
Q

Examples of dense regular connective tissue

A
  • tendons
  • aponeuroses
  • ligaments
50
Q

Major component of reticular tissue?

A

type 3 collagen

51
Q

Major associations of reticular tissue?

A
  • hemopoietic tissue (bone marrow)

- lymph nodes for easy lymph passahe

52
Q

What is mucoid connective tissue also called and where is it found?

A
  • Wharton’s jelly
  • main component of fetal umbilical cord
  • abundant ground substance
53
Q

What 2 types of cells does connective tissue originate from?

A
  1. mesenchymal cells

2. hematopoietic cells

54
Q

Resident cells of connective tissue?

A
  • mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts)
55
Q

Immigrant cells of connective tissue?

A
  • hematopoietic stem cells (macrophage, mast cell, plasma cell)
56
Q

Transient cells of connective tissue?

A
  • hematopoietic stem cells (leukocytes: lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, & eosinophils)
57
Q

Where is type 1 collagen found?

A
  • bone
  • tendon
  • dentin
  • skin
58
Q

Associations of type 2 collagen?

A
  • hyaline

- elastic cartilage

59
Q

First type of collagen synth during wound healing?

A

Type 3, replaced by type 1

60
Q

Where does type 4 collagen occur?

A

Basal lamina

61
Q

What types of collagen are synth by smooth mm cells?

A

1 and 3

62
Q

What 3 cell types synth elastic fibers?

A
  1. fibroblasts (skin/tendons)
  2. chondroblasts (elastic cartilage of ear/throat tubes)
  3. smooth mm cells (aorta & resp tree)
63
Q

What disease:

  • tall pt w/ long limbs
  • arachnodactyly (long fingers/toes)
  • mitral valve prolapse
  • dilation of root of aorta
  • aortic distension
A

Marfan syndrome

64
Q

Histo features of macrophages? (3)

A
  1. abundant lysosomes
  2. numerous phagosomes for transient storage of ingested materials
  3. irregular nucleus
65
Q

Histo features of mast cells? (2)

A
  • numerous basophilic cytoplasmic granules

- resemble basophils but DO NOT circ in blood like basophils

66
Q

2 types of mast cells?

A
  1. connective tissue mast cells (CTMCs); T cell-ind

2. mucosa mast cells (MMCs); T cell-dep

67
Q

Mechanism of hay fever?

A

Histamine increased vasc permeability –> edema

68
Q

What are plasma cells derived from?

A

Differentiation of B lymphocytes

69
Q

Histo features of plasma cells? (3)

A
  1. well-dvp’d RER
  2. extensive Golgi
  3. prominent nucleolus
70
Q

LM features of plasma cells? (3)

A
  1. basophilic cytoplasm
  2. area around nuceus is acidophilic (Golgi)
  3. cartwheel configuration of nucleus due to heterochromatin dist
71
Q

Histo features of lymphocytes?

A
  • smallest free cells
  • nucleus occupies most of cell
  • thin rim of cytoplasm
72
Q

Histo features of neutrophils?

A
  • segmented nucleus (poly-morpho-nuclear)
  • cytoplasmic granules
  • defensins (defensive proteins)
73
Q

Histo features of eosinophils?

A
  • bilobed nucleus w/ eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules
74
Q

What cells synth IgE?

A

Plasma cells

75
Q

What is a key function of macrophages in ECM turnover?

A

MMP secretion

76
Q

What is 1st step in collagen synth that occurs after exocytosis?

A

Removal of terminal globular (nonhelical) domains by peptidases

77
Q

What molecule contains binding sites for integrins and is an important part of ECM in both loose connective & dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Fibronectin (multiadhesive glycoprotein)

78
Q

What function of desmosine and isodesmosine help establish efficient lung function?

A

Cross-linking elastin

79
Q

What is lamina propria?

A

A thin layer of loose (areolar) connective tissue that lies beneath epithelium

80
Q

What 3 cell layers constitute mucosa?

A
  1. lamina propria
  2. epithelium
  3. basement membrane
81
Q

Difference in ration of cell to ground substance composition of loose and dense connective tissue?

A
  • loose connective tissue has more cells

- dense connective tissue has more ground substance

Histology (7 decks)

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