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Hubs191 > Nerve + Muscle > Flashcards

Nerve + Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of gated channels?

A

Chemical, Voltage, Mechanical

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2
Q

Neuron and its gated channels

A

dendrites + cell body - CHEM (Na+, K+) (with some MECH.)
Axon + Hillock - VOLTAGE (Na+, K+)
Axon terminal - VOLTAGE (Ca+)

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3
Q

Local Potential

A

Change in membrane potential voltage at a localized area of the dendrite or cell body membrane (can also be described as graded pot.)

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4
Q

EPSP

A

presynaptic neuron releases Ach or NE neurotransmitters which binds to open CHEM-gated Na+ channels
- cell membrane depolarises (as Na+ enters)

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5
Q

IPSP

A

presynaptic neuron releases GABA which binds to open CHEM-gated K+ channels
- cell membrane hyperpolarises (more -ve)

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6
Q

Action Potential Summary

A
  1. Depolarisation to threshold (-60mV)
  2. Rapid depolarization due to Na+ influx
  3. Repolarisation due to exit of K+
  4. Hyperpolarisation due to excess exit K+
  5. Returning to RMP (-70mV)
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7
Q

Summation of local potential

A

as POST receives input from multiple PRE - summed effect of all EPSP/IPSP determines if neuron activated (fires action potential)

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8
Q

spatial and Temporal

A
  • summed input from MULTIPLE PRE
  • summed input from REPEATED fireing of 1 PRE
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9
Q

Presynaptic input summed @ axon hillock

A
  1. if at threshold: VG channels open @ axon hillock - depolarization
  2. Big Na+ influx = rapid depolarization phase
  3. VG Na+ channels INACTIVATE (Na+ entry blocked) - VG K+ channels open (repolarization phase)
  4. @ -90mV VG K+ starts to close (slowly) - excess (hyperpolarization phase)
  5. when all VG K+ channels close – RMP
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10
Q

Neuro-Muscular junction

A

specialized chemical synapse between axon terminal of motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibre

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11
Q

neuron-skeletal muscle synapse

A

Big synapse; one fibre gets input from one neuron at one site.
no summation: AP from motor neuron brings fibre to threshold
inputs always EXCITATORY and only ACh used.

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12
Q

neurotransmitter for somatic efferent neuron

A

acetylcholine (ACh)

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13
Q

Somatic efferent neurons

A

Upper motor neuron - cell body in brain, axon in spinal chord
Lower motor neuron - cell body in spinal chord, axon in spinal nerve (out to PNS)
- both myelinated

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14
Q

neurotransmitter in automatic efferent neurons

A

Acetylcholine (Ach) or Norepinephrine (NE)

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15
Q

Automatic efferent neurons

A
  1. cell body in brain, axon in brain OR spinal chord (CNS)
  2. cell body in brain OR spinal chord (CNS), axon in PNS - myelinated
  3. cell body in PS, axon in PNS (UNmyelinated)
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16
Q

motor neurons

A

carry EFFERENT signal down and out - controls signals to muscle

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17
Q

sensory neurons

A

carry AFFERENT signals IN and UP - info about environment

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18
Q

somatic effector

A

skeletal muscle

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19
Q

automatic effector

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose (fat) tissue

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20
Q

the 2 automatic effector divisions

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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21
Q

sympathetic effector division

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT
- increase heart rate, constricting blood flow, decreased gastric motility, decreased salivation, pupils dilate, sweating

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22
Q

parasympathetic effector division

A

REST AND DIGEST
decreased heart rate, gastric motility, pupils constrict, normal salivation (digestion)

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23
Q

pre and post ganglionic neuron in sympathetic nervous system

A

pre - cell body in thoracolumbar levels of spinal chord (CNS); xon is short and terminals synapse in sympathetic ganglion
post - cell body in sympathetic ganglion; axon is long

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24
Q

pre and post ganglionic neuron in parasympathetic nervous system

A

pre - cell body in cranial (brainstem) + sacral (spinal body) levels; axon terminals + synapse in parasympathetic ganglia
post - cell body in parasympathetic ganglia; axon is short

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25
Q

neurotransmitter released from postsynaptic ganglionic neuron for the sympathetic nervous system

A

Norepinephrine

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26
Q

neurotransmitter released from postsynaptic ganglionic neuron for the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Acetylcholine

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27
Q

the 3 layers of the brain

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia mater
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28
Q

features of the pia mater

A

innermost layer of the meninges - transparent and delicate. Follows the gyri and extends into the sulci

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29
Q

what do the dura folds do

A

separate the major divisions of the brain and provide stability to the brain within the cranium

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30
Q

name the 3 dura folds

A

falix cerebri, falix cerebelli, and tentorium cerebilli

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31
Q

what is the function of the venous sinus

A

between 2 layers of dura mater - collecting veins, venous blood from brain, and ‘old’ CSF after recycled from the ventricular system

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32
Q

what is the ventricular system

A

a network of interconnected ‘spaces’ (ventricles) in the brain

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33
Q

what does the ventricular system do

A

is filled with CSF (nourishes and protects the brain) - spaces lined with ependymal cells which circulate CSF via cilia

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34
Q

where is CSF made

A

in the choroid plexus (in ventricles)

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35
Q

choroid plexus…

A

… srrounds CNS within the subarachnoid space - provides support/cushioning and transport of nutrients/waste

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36
Q

ventricular system circulation path

A

start in the lateral ventricles - 3rd ventricle - cerebral aqueduct - 4th ventricle - subarachnoid space - exit through arachnoid granulations into venous sinus

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37
Q

feature of subarachnoid space

A

filled with CSF and has blood vessels

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38
Q

features of arachnoid granulations

A

hole in teh inner layer of dura mater to transport ‘old’ CSF from aubarachnoid space into venous sinus

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39
Q

name the components of the ventricular system

A

2 lateral ventricles, 3rd ventrical, cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventrical, central canal (spinal chord)

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40
Q

name the 5 divisions of the brain (exterior)

A

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, cerebellum

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41
Q

name the major sulci in the brain

A

central sulcus, parietal-occipital sulcus, lateral sulcus, transverse fissure (with the dura fold: tentorium cerebelli)

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42
Q

what are the functions of the major brain divisions (not including cerebellum)

A

frontal lobe - motor control (efferent), language + personality
parietal - somatosensory
occipital - vision
temporal - memory + hearing

43
Q

what are components of the brain (median)

A

cerebral cortex (cerebrum), diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

44
Q

what are the 2 part of the diencephalon

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

45
Q

what are the 3 parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

46
Q

in CNS what is a group of cell bodies

A

nucleus

47
Q

in CNS what is a group of cell bodies in cerebral cortex or spinal cord

A

grey matter

48
Q

bundle of axons in CNS

A

tract

49
Q

bundle of axons in cerebral cortex or spinal cord

A

white matter

50
Q

group of cell bodies in PNS

A

ganglion (ganglia)

51
Q

bundle of axons in PNS

A

nerve

52
Q

the 4 morphological type so of neurons

A

multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, and anaxonic

53
Q

the 4 types of glia cells in CNS

A

astrcytes, micrglia, ependymalcells, and oligodendrocytes

54
Q

what is the glia cell in the PNS

A

schwann cells

55
Q

what are the myelin sheaths made of in CNS and PNS?

A

CNS - oligodendrocytes
PNS - schwann cells

56
Q

what are the 3 types of white matter?

A

commissural tract, projection tract, and association tracts

57
Q

commissural tract

A

myelinated axons go from side to side of brain (therefore CNS - oligodendrocytes) both directions. example: corpus callosum

58
Q

projection tract

A

axons extend between cortex and other CNS areas of the cerebrum. example: corticospinal tract

59
Q

association tract

A

axons on the same side within the cerebral cortex - communication between brain areas (short or long)

60
Q

name the 2 cortical areas and their locations

A

primary motor cortex - precentral gyri
primary somatosensory cortex - postcentral gyri

61
Q

primary motor cortex

A

specific regions of cortex controls specific regions of the body

62
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

specific regions of somatosensory cortex receives info from specific regions of the body

63
Q

corticospinal/somatic efferent pathway - upper motor neuron

A

upper motor neuron - cell body in primary motor cortex; axons extend from motor cortex to spinal cord on the opposite side + synapse on lower motor neuron

64
Q

corticospinal/somatic efferent pathway - lower motor neuron

A

lower motor neuron - cell body in ventral horn/grey matter of spinal cord; axons extend out of spinal cord (ventral horn) into body + synapse on skeletal muscle

65
Q

damage to corticospinal pathway

A

muscle weakness/paralysis in the region of body corresponding to the location of damage

66
Q

dorsal/posterior column pathway - neuron 1

A

cell body in dorsal root ganglion (unipolar).
peripheral fibre (input zone) from sensory receptors in skin.
central fibre (output zone) ascends up to brain in dorsal columns (spinal cord; white matter).
synapse on neuron 2 in medulla oblongata

67
Q

dorsal/posterior column pathway - neuron 2

A

cell body in medulla oblongata ; axon crosses to opposite side + ascends. Synapse on neuron 3 in thalamus

68
Q

dorsal/posterior column pathway - neuron 3

A

cell body in thalamus; axon ascends to somatosensory cortex + synapses on cell body of a somatosensory neuron

69
Q

damage to dorsal/posterior column pathway

A

cell in somatosensory cortex that receives info from dorsal column pathway dies - ascending info has no where to go, therefore no sensation is perceived

70
Q

2 types of senses

A

somatic and visceral - sensory detection requires stimulus transduction

71
Q

4 types of information encoded by neural activity

A
  1. modality
  2. duration
  3. intensity
  4. location
72
Q

4 types of modality

A
  1. thermoreceptors
  2. chemoreceptors
  3. mechanoreceptors (tactile)
  4. nociceptors
73
Q

how do modality receptors generally work?

A

stimulus binds to corresponding gated channels and causes Na+ to enter and depolarise membrane (AP fired due to threshold)

74
Q

2 main duration of senses

A

tonic and phasic

75
Q

tonic is…?

A

slow and adapting. continually active to reflect background level of stimulation - AP frequency changes with stimulus instensity changes

76
Q

phasic is…?

A

fast and adapting. normally silent (no APs). send AP with change but stops quickly (if not painful)

77
Q

examples of tonic and phasic modality

A

tonic - nociceptors
phasic - thermoreceptors

78
Q

intensity of senses…

A

interprets stimulus intensity by the number of APs arriving from neuron (eg no AP = no sensation)

79
Q

location of stimulus…

A

is sensed on receptive fields on skin - are where receptive endings for a single sensory neuron

80
Q

what affects receptive fields

A

size and density - large/widely spaced = less sensitive + less accurate; small/desnely packed = more sensitive + accurate

81
Q

what are used for planning movement

A

prefrontal cortex

82
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

neurons involved in the decision to move; planning the desired movement outcome

83
Q

premotor cortex

A

neurons involved in organising movement sequences to achieve outcome

84
Q

what is involved in initiating/modifying movement

A

initiating = primary motor cortex
modifying = basal nuclei + cerebellum

85
Q

primary motor cortex

A

made of cell bodies of upper motor neurons - neurons involved in directing voluntary movement

86
Q

basal nuclei

A

influences posture + automatic movements (ie walking). regulates muscle tone (relaxed/tense). refines movement - selects which to allow + which to inhibit (by altering the sensitivity of neurons projecting into the corticospinal or other pathways

87
Q

cerebellum

A

stores/facilitates learning, planning + execution of motor programs (ie walking program). monitors/compares sensory input to compare actual movement of planned movement
- organises timing of muscle contractions and modifying ongoing activity

88
Q

pathway from brain to muscle (corticospinal pathway)

A
  1. upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex fire APs that propagate along axons extending down spinal cord
  2. to activate lower motor neuron in spinal cord, to fire APs that propagate along axon within peripheral nerves
  3. to skeletal muscle
89
Q

motor units

A

made of single lower motor neuron + all skeletal muscle fibres it innervates

90
Q

small motor neuron

A

motor neuron + FEW muscle fibres it activates - PRECISE movement

91
Q

large motor unit

A

motor neuron + MANY muscle fibres it activates - more FORCEFULL movements (limb)

92
Q

many small motor units…

A

= less representation on cortex

93
Q

voluntary responses

A

wide variety in movements, speed, duration. typically with complex patterns of sensory + motor processing. able to interact with environment - initiated voluntarily by neurons in brain.

94
Q

voluntary latency

A

~100ms - variable latency
- focus + training can reduce response time - reduce number of neural connections involved

95
Q

reflex responses

A

repaid reproducible, automatic responses to external stimulus. simple neural circuit involving neurons within peripheral nerves + spinal cord. protective + prevents injury. no involvement of brain neurons (not voluntary)

96
Q

reflex latency

A

~40ms - consistent latency (cannot be changed by focus + training.

97
Q

muscle spindle

A

example of mechanoreceptors. stretch receptors detect muscle stretch. proprioceptors - stretch provides info about limb position in relation to torso

98
Q

muscle spindle structure

A

dendritic endings of a sensory neuron wrap around specialized intrafusal muscle fibres
- dendritic endings have mech-gated Na+ channels that open when stretched

99
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

reflex responding to painful stimuli - nociceptors activated. sensory neurons depolarises/ AP fired + propagates to spinal cord.
sensory neurons stimulates interneurons - excitation of motor neurons that stimulate flexors. inhibitor at motor neurons that stimulate extensors - enables withdrawal of attacked limb

100
Q

what are the 2 special features of the arachnoid layer

A

subarachnoid space - between arachnoid and pia mater - filled with CSF and blood vessels
arachnoid grandualtions - holes in dura mater to let ‘old’ CSF into venous sinus

101
Q

venous sinus

A

venous blood from brain
óld’ CSF after recycled gets through the ventricular system

102
Q

dorsal column pathway is for…

A

primary somatosensory cortex - SENSATION

103
Q
A
104
Q

What is used for organising movement

A

Premotor cortex

Hubs191 (5 decks)

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