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Hubs191 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the immune system composed of? (3)

A

organs, cells, molecules

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2
Q

what is the immune system

A

an organised system of organs, cells, and molecules that interact together to defend the body agaisnt disease

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3
Q

what is an autoimmune disease

A
  • immune system becomes too active
  • starts to react against things we shouldn’t
  • starts reacting inappropriately against stimuls or against self
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4
Q

what are the organs in the primary lymphoid system (2)

A

bone marrow and thymus

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5
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen and lymph nodes

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6
Q

what are is the primary lymphoid system for

A

production of white blood cells (lymphocytes)

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7
Q

what is the secondary lymphoid system for

A

sites where immune responses are initiated

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8
Q

what does the bone marrow do

A

source of stem cells that develope into cells of the innate and adaptive immune responses
- hemotopoiesis

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9
Q

what does the thymus do

A

‘school’ for white blood cells called T cells - developing T cells learn not to react to self

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10
Q

what does the spleen do

A

site of initiation for immune responses against blood-borne pathogens

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11
Q

what are the lymph nodes for

A

lymph fluid from blood and tissue is filtered - also the site initiation for immune responses

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12
Q

where are lymph nodes located

A

along lymphatic vessels (eg underarms)

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13
Q

what are the 3 layers of defense

A
  1. chemical and physical barriers
  2. innate arm
  3. adaptive arm
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14
Q

what are the 2 physical and chemical barriers

A

skin and mucosal surfaces

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15
Q

what are the in the skin

A

epidermis (containing dendritic cells) and the dermis

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16
Q

what are the chemical defences of the skin

A

antimicrobial peptides (eg defensin)
lysozyme: breaks down bacterial cells walls
sebum: low pH
salt: hypertonic

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17
Q

what is in the mucosal membrane

A

1-2 layers:
epithelium: tightly packed live cells, constantly renewed, mucus-producing goblet cells

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18
Q

where are the mucosal membranes

A

lines parts of the body that lead to the outside and are exposed to air
- ocular (eyes), respiratory, oral, urogenital/rectal

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19
Q

how does the mucosal membrane move mucus

A

cilia - in the throat it pushes it up to the pharynx (either to cough or swallow)

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20
Q

chemical defences of mucosal surfaces

A

stomach: low pH
call bladder: bile
intestine: digestive enzyme
mucus
defensin
lysozyme (tears, urine)

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21
Q

are the cells alive or dead in the mucous membrane

A

alive

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22
Q

are the cells alive or dead in the skin

A

outer layer = dead
inner layer = alive

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23
Q

innate immunity…

A

is quick (hours), but not specific
- can be enough to clear pathogen by itself, or can keep it at bay until the slow adaptive arm can attack
- already in place
- fixed
- no specific memory

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24
Q

adaptive immunity…

A

slowly (days to weeks) but highly specific
improves during the response
variable
long-term specific memory

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25
Q

innate defenses include: (2)

A

surface barriers and internal defenses

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26
Q

internal defenses include (+ which arm this is from)

A

innate defense
- phagocytes
- natural killer cells
- inflammation
- antimicrobial proteins
- fever

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27
Q

adaptive defenses include: (2)

A

humoral immunity and cellular immunity

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28
Q

humoral immunity

A

adaptive defenses: B cells

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29
Q

cellular immunity

A

adaptive defenses: T cells

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30
Q

innate and adaptive arm are…

A

linked together and interact constantly - innate arm can inform and change the response of the adaptive arms and vice versa

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31
Q

what is blood composed of (2)

A

55% = plasma
45% formed elements

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32
Q

what is in plasma

A

proteins (incl antibodies/immunoglobin)
other solutes
water

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33
Q

what is in formed elements

A

platelets (clotting)
white blood cells (leukocytes)
red blood cells

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34
Q

what are the 2 blood cell lineages (derives from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow)

A

myeloid and lymphoid

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35
Q

myeloid blood cell lineage

A

red blood cells (erythrocytes)
granulocytes, monocytes, dendrititc cells, platelets (innate)

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36
Q

lymphoid blood cell lineage

A

B and T lymphocytes (adaptive)

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37
Q

in the blood cell lineage, what is in the white blood cells

A

granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets (innate)
B and T lymphocytes (adaptive)

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38
Q

granulocytes in blood

A

neutrophiles
- 75% of all leukocytes (highly phagocytic) numbers in blood increase during infection
- stains in neutral colour

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39
Q

granulocytes circulate…

A

in the blood and can exit and move into tissue during inflammation

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40
Q

granulocytes in tissue (1)

A

mast cells

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41
Q

mast cells

A

granulocytes in tissue - line mucosal surfaces (not found in blood)
- release granules (dark purple) that attract white blood cells to areas of tissue damage

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42
Q

monocytes

A

present in blood - low phagocytosis
leave blood - develope into macrophages in tissues = high phagocytosis

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43
Q

macrophages (1)

A

become resident (sessile) or move through tissue (migratory)

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44
Q

functions of macrophages (3)

A
  1. phagocytosis
  2. release chemical messengers
  3. show info about pathogenic microbes to T cells (links innate + adaptive)
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45
Q

dendritic cells…

A

link the innate and adaptive immune responses

46
Q

dendritic cells

A

found in low numbers in blood and all tissue in contact with the environment
- phagocytic
- important for triggering adaptive immune responses

47
Q

how do cells in immune system move around the body

A

cells carried in blood and in lymph
- can leave blood to enter tissues
- lymph in tissues collects into lymphatic vessels. these drain lymph into lymph nodes

48
Q

how do innate cells recognise pathogens

A

with PAMPs

49
Q

PAMPs

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns

50
Q

what are the PAMPs in Viruses

A

nucleic acid: ssRNA and dsRNS

51
Q

Virus structure

A

envelope
nucleocapsid
nucleic acid

52
Q

what are the PAMPs in bacterium

A

cell wall: lipopolysaccharides (LPS)/ endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid
Flagella: Flagellin
Nucleic Acid: unmethylated CpG DNA (in eukaryotic cells - DNA = methylated

53
Q

Structure of Bacteria

A

capsule
cell wall
cell membrane
nucleic acid
flagella

54
Q

Pattern Recognition Receptors

A

found on innate cell surface
- if bound to particular molecule - sends signal to nucleus to regulate gene transcription + to up regulate chem messenger production

55
Q

What temp is a fever

A

> 37 C

56
Q

What came a fever do

A

Inhibit bacterial replication
Some facets of immune system can work more efficiently at a higher temp

57
Q

Explain the inflammatory response

A

Chemical signals from tissue-resident cells act to attract more cells to the site of injury/infection.
Neutrophils enter blood from the bone marrow
Neutrophils cling to the capillary wall
Chemical signals from tissue-resident cells dilate blood vessels (leakier - neutrophils squeeze through to follow chemotherapy trail to injury site)

58
Q

What immune system is the inflammatory response part of

A

Innate immune response

59
Q

What are the 5 stages of phagocytosis

A
  1. Phagocyte Adherence to pathogen/debris
  2. Phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulfs the particles- forming phagosome
  3. Lysosome fuses with phagocytic vesicle forming phagolysosome
  4. Toxic compounds and lysosome enzymes destroy pathogens
  5. Sometimes exocytosis occurs
60
Q

How does a phagocytise microbe get killed/digested

A

Low pH
Reactive oxygen (hydrogen peroxide)
Reactive nitrogen intermediates (nitric oxide)
Enzymes
- protease
- lipase
- nuclease

61
Q

Name the 3 compliment cascades

A

Classical
Alternative
Lectin

62
Q

What is the compliment cascade

A

A series of 9 major proteins/protein complexes (C1-9) act in sequence to clear pathogens from blood and tissues

63
Q

What happens to the 3 compliment pahtways

A

Turns into C3 concertasse (enzyme complex)

64
Q

What happens in the classical pathway

A

Antibody produced by b cells bind to pathogen binds complement
- triggered when it recognises antibody bound to antigen

65
Q

What happens in the alternative pathway

A

Pathogens bind to complement to surface/pathogen component

66
Q

what happens in the lectin pathway

A

carbohydrate components of microbes bind compliment

67
Q

what do all the compliment triggers end up as

A

C3 convertase (enzyme complex)

68
Q

what are the 3 outcomes of the complement cascade

A
  1. label (opsonisation)
  2. recruit
  3. destroy
69
Q

opsonisation

A

coating microbe with antibody and/or complement fragment C3b
- labels pathogens which binds to complement receptors on phagocytes

70
Q

complement pathway - recruitment

A

phagocytes attracted into site
mast cells degranulated by C3a and C5a
- inflammatory mediators released incl proteins that attract phagocytes

71
Q

complement pathway - destroy

A

microbes coated by C3b are phagocytosed
- membrane attack complex (MAC) formation: pores in bacterial cells = death (causes lysis)
- C9

72
Q

what are the 3 major immune cell communication methods

A
  1. soluble molecules binding to receptors on a cell membrane
  2. cell surface-bound receptors binding to cell surface-bound ligand
  3. antigen (pathogen parts) being presented to cell surface-bound receptors
73
Q

what are the soluble chemical messengers for immune cell communication

A

cytokines and chemokines

74
Q

cell surface-bound receptors binding to cell surface-bound ligands

A

T cell to B cell
- alters function of one or both cells

75
Q

antigen being presented to a cell surface-bound receptor

A

dendritic cell WITH ANTIGEN activating a T cell

76
Q

what is an antigen

A

anything the has the potential to be recognised by the immune system
- foreign or self-antigen

77
Q

dendritic cells and the adaptive immune system

A

activated dendritic cells make cytokines that bind to receptors on T cell membranes - have cell surface-bound receptors that bind to T cell surface-bound ligand
- present antigen to cell surface-bound receptors on T cells

78
Q

what does MHC stand for

A

major histocompatibility complex

79
Q

what is MHC for

A

holds/presents antigen to T cell
- allows T cell to be fully activated

80
Q

what is MHC-I for

A

presents endogenous (intercellular) antigens expressed on all nucleated cells

  • antigenic proteins are degraded to peptides in cytoplasm b4 imported to ER
  • peptides loading of MHC-I takes place in ER
81
Q

what is MHC-II for

A

presents exogenous (extracellular) antigens expressed only on antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells
- antigenic proteins are degraded in acidic phagolysosome
- peptide loading of MHC-II takes place in phagolysosome

82
Q

what are cytokines

A

molecules like interleukins and interferons that control growth and activity of immune cells

83
Q

what are chemokines

A

molecules that stimulate cell migration

84
Q

how to helper T cells help B cells

A

making cytokines that bind to receptors on B cell membranes
- have cell surface-bound receptors that bind to a B cell surface-bound ligand (or vice versa)
- result in B cell activation and the production of antibodies

85
Q

antibody bind to a pathogen can…

A

trigger the classical pathway of complement activation and complement fragments that are bound to antigen can also help activate B cells to make antibodies

86
Q

where are the main cells involved in immunity located

A

white blood cells (leukocytes)

87
Q

how does antigen sampling and presentation work

A

DC phagocytose antigen and process it down to peptides - DC migrate from organs (eg skin) to draining lymph node
- they present peptides on MHC to other white blood cells (T cells)

88
Q

adaptive immunity in a nut shell

A

DC presents peptides on MHC to T cells
- CD4 T cells help B cells make antibody
CD8 T cells become cytotoxic and kill virus infected cells and cancer cells

89
Q

invertebrates…

A

have only innate immunity

90
Q

vertebrates…

A

have both innate and adaptive systems

91
Q

T cells…

A

are lymphocytes that arise in the bone marrow and fully develop in thymus

92
Q

T cells express… with… to…

A

T cell receptor (TCR) with co-receptors (CD4 or CD8) to recognise MHC/peptide complexes

93
Q

production of T cells

A

naive t cells are in the bone marrow (have no TCR) - move out and into the thymus where they have gene rearrangement

94
Q

MHC-II goes with what t cell

A

cd4

95
Q

MHC-I goes with what t cell

A

CD8

96
Q

the 2 types of active t cells

A

effector and memory

97
Q

what does the cd4 do

A

makes cytokines to helpt cd8 become cytotoxic and helps b cells make antibody

98
Q

what does cd8 do

A

becomes cytotoxic and kills virally-infected cels (apoptosis)

99
Q

what are the 2 immunites in adaptive immunity

A

humoral and cellular

100
Q

b cells…

A

are lymphocytes that develop in the bone marrow and express antigen receptors (BCR or secreted antibody)

101
Q

activated b cells

A

plasma cells - secrete antibody

102
Q

active b cells are plasma cells and…

A

memory cells

103
Q

the 3 functions of antibody

A
  1. neutralisation
    2.opsonisation
  2. complement activation
104
Q

IgG

A

most abundant - opsonises/neutralises
- only Ig class that crosses placenta (passive immunity)
targets virus/bacteria

105
Q

IgA

A

presents in secretions such as tears, saliva, mucus, and breast milk
- defence of mucous membranes esp gut
- passive immunity
targets virus/bacteria

106
Q

IgM

A

first ig class produced after exposure to antigen - expressed on naive b cells
- activating complement
targets extracelular bacteria
acts as antigen receptors (BCR)

107
Q

IgE

A

low conc in blood
immunity to multicellular paraistes
ALLERGIC REACTIONS

108
Q

IgD

A

expressed on naive B cells
- also antigen receptor (BCR)
unknown function

109
Q

memory b cells

A

express antibody as BCR but DO NOT secrete antibody

110
Q

primary immune response

A

mostly IgM

111
Q

secondary immune responses

A

for vaccine success
- relies on memory B cells
- mainly IgG with some class switching to IgA and IgE (low levels)

Hubs191 (5 decks)

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